Module 2 Flashcards
1
Q
precursor simple cells arose
A
4.2 and 3.85 BYA
2
Q
Process of abiogenesis
A
Simple compounds (H2O, NH3, etc), come together to form small organic molecules (ex: nucleotides); which form to make polymers (RNA, polysac); RNA makes proteins and lipds form spheres (DNA, proteins); formation of protocell, enclosed in lipid membrane
3
Q
Atmosphere of Old Earth was…
A
Methane, ammonia, hydrogen…similar to atmospheres of outer planets, no oxygen
4
Q
Test of abiogenesis theory
A
Done by Stephen Miller and Urey to test Oparin’s gases present at Old Earth, electric spark was ran through gases and few amino acids were produced in the presence of UV light and water
5
Q
Photosynthesis originated in aquatic bacteria with ___ instead of water as electron donor
A
H2S, hydrogen sulfur, released sulfur into the air instead of O2
6
Q
What happened when aquatic bacteria used water as electron donor for photosynthesis?
A
released O2 into the water, bubbled into the air, lowered CO2 in the pre-life atmosphere. Ozone was formed from oxygen, protected from UV rays, explosion of life
7
Q
Prokaryote
A
single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
8
Q
Eukaryote
A
nucleus and membrane bound organelles, much bigger than prokaryotes
9
Q
Two domains of prokaryote
A
Bacteria and Archaea
10
Q
Archaea are more closely related to…
A
Eukaryotes
11
Q
Bacteria cell wall composed of…
A
peptidoglycan
12
Q
Archaea cell wall composed of…
A
proteins
13
Q
Do Archaea use chlorophyll?
A
No
14
Q
Bacteria and archaea both have…
A
cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and ribosomes
15
Q
What type of chromosomes do prokaryotes have?
A
One circular chromosome
16
Q
Nucleoid
A
region where DNA is located, along with RNA and some proteins , no membrane
17
Q
Plasmids
A
at least one, circles of DNA apart from chromosome
18
Q
Ribosomes
A
use RNA to assemble proteins, every ribosome makes proteins the same way, structurally different
19
Q
Cell Wall
A
gives shape to bacteria and archaea
20
Q
3 types of bacteria
A
Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillum
21
Q
Cell walls of bacteria have a outer layer that…
A
triggers immune reactions, used for protection or disease
22
Q
Slime layer or Capsule
A
Sitcky layer that may surround the cell wall, used for attachment to surfaces
23
Q
Pili
A
short hairlike projections made of protein, adhere to objects if attachment pili
24
Q
Sex pili
A
aid in transfer of DNA from cell to cell
25
endospore
dormant, thick walled structures that can survive harsh conditions, will reproduce when conditions become more favorable
26
chemotrophs
oxidize inorganic/organic chemicals, fungi and animals
27
facultative anaerobes
can live with or without O2, in absence of O2, use fermentation or anaerobic respiration
28
Proteobacteria
photosynthesis bacteria, uses purple pigments, includes E coli and Salmonella and ulcer
29
Cyanobacteria
also photosynthesis bacteria, use green pigments
30
Spirochaetes
spiral shaped organisms, Lyme disease and syphilis
31
Actinobacteria
soil dwelling microbes that produce streptomycin
32
What type of organism does nitrogen fixing (changing atmospheric nitrogen to something plants can use)
Archaea
33
First cells from domain Eukarya descended from their prokaryotic ancestors at least...
1.5 BYA
34
What type of cell was mitochondria before it was engulfed?
Proteobacteria
35
Where did the chlorplast come from according to the endosymbiont theory?
Cyanobacteria
36
All eukaryotic cells have...
mitochondria
37
When did multicellularity arise?
1.2 BYA
38
What is a protist?
eukaryotic organism that doesn't fit the plant, animal or fungi definitions
39
algae
general term that refers to photosynthetic protists that live in water
40
Cells of algae contain chloroplasts that have...pigments
yellow, gold, brown, red, or green
41
Dinoflagellates
marine protists, have 2 flagella of different lengths, can infect shellfish due to toxins
42
Diatoms and Brown Algae have...pignments
golden or brown
43
Diatoms
unicellular algae with two part silica cell walls that fit together
44
Brown Algae
largest and most complex protists, multicellular algae, has a combination of photosynthetic pigments producing brown color
45
Red Algae
has photosynthetic pigments that absorb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot capture
46
Famous uses of Red Algae
agar plates and carrageenan
47
Green Algae
protists with the most similarities with plants, closet living relatives, unicellular or mulitcellular
48
Water molds
protists that decompose plants and animals in moist environments, secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings but cell walls are made with cellulose
49
Irish potato famine was caused by...
water molds on potatoes
50
Slime Molds
protists that live in damp habitats
51
Fungi characteristics
eukaryotic, heterotrophs, cell walls made of chitin, storage carb is glycogen, most are multicellular but yeast is unicellular, only diploid cell is zygote
52
Chytridiomycetes
produce gametes and asexual spores with flagella
53
Glomeromycetes
large distinctive asexual spores, can be seen by naked eye
54
Ascomycetes
produce sexual spores in sacs
55
Basidiomycetes
produce sexual spores in club shaped organs
56
Endophytes
live between plant cells with no issue, help defend plants against disease
57
mycorrhizae
fungi in living roots
58
Lichens
fungus harbors cyanobacteria among its hyphae, symbiotic relationship
59
What evidence supports that RNA was the first molecule to hold genetic info
RNA stores genetic info, duplicate on its own, and catalyzes reactions
60
Pigments in chloroplast are similar to those in ___ (endosymbiosis)
cyanobacteria
61
Mitochondria and chloroplast both have their own...
DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
62
How can bacteria exchange DNA with another cell
Conjugation
63
Facultative respiration means the organism can...
can use fermentation or anaerobic respiration, can live with or without oxygen
64
How do we classify fungi into phyla?
By the presence of sexual structures
65
Three domains of life
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
66
What do plants use as their glucose storage molecule
starch
67
Roots/vascular systems...
absorb water and minerals and anchor roots to soil
68
What is the cuticle
waxy covering that keeps plants from drying out
69
stomata
pores in the plant's epidermis that allows the exchange of gases such as oxygen and co2
70
What structure controls stomata?
Guard cells (2), open stomata leads to water escape
70
Bryophytes don't have vascular systems, how do they get nutrients?
Cell to cell diffusion
71
When did vascular plants originate
420 MYA
71
What is vascular tissue
collection of tubes that transport sugars, waters and minerals throughout the plant
72
Xylem is part of the vascular system, what does it do?
transports waters and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves
73
Phloem is part of the vascular system, what does it do?
transports sugars from photosynthesis to the roots
74
Xylem is rich in ____, which is a complex polymer that strengthens cell walls.
lignin
75
What part of the vascular tissue helps plants grow tall?
Xylem
76
Sporophytes, start of alternate generation cycle, are diploid or haploid?
diploid
77
Sporophytes make...
spores
78
Gametophytes, the middle of the alternate generation cycle, are diploid or haploid?
haploid
79
Gametophytes make...
gametes
80
What is pollen?
male gametophytes of plants, each pollen grain produces sperm
81
Pollination, the fertilization of female plant parts, eliminates the need for...
water/moisture during reproduction
81
What are seeds?
dormant plant embryo packaged with food supply and tough outer coating to keep from drying out
82
Origin of pollen and seeds was from...
350 MYA
83
Gametes of seedless plants like ferns...
live close to their parent plant
84
What are flowers?
reproductive structures that produce pollen and egg cells
85
What are fruit?
develops from flowers, contains and protects seed, good for animal passing of seeds
86
What are Bryophytes?
seedless plants that lack vascular tissue and lignin
87
What do bryophytes look like?
Small and compact because they absorb nutrients directly from their surroundings
88
What anchors bryophytes to the ground?
Hairlike extensions called rhizoids, cannot tap into water like roots
89
How do bryophytes reproduce?
produce gametes that swim in the water
90
Seedless vascular plants have...
vascular system with true leaves, stems, and roots
91
Seedless vascular plants have underground stems called...
rhizomes
92
Both seedless and vascular plants need...
water to reproduce
93
What type of seeds do gymnosperms have?
Naked seeds, not enclosed in fruit
94
Eudicots are part of angiosperms, which are...
flowering plant with two leaves (cotyledon) after germination
95
Monocots are part of angiosperms which are...
flowering plant with one leaf (cotyledon) after germination
96
What part of ovary develops into fruit?
wall of ovary
97
hominid
humans and their ancestors and some of the great apes
98
medusa
swimming form of Cnidarians, bell shape jellyfish
99
brachiation
form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms
100
mesoderm
middle layer, develops into skeleton, muscles, heart, etc.
101
endoderm
innermost layer, makes the guts
101
ectoderm
outermost layer, makes epidermis and nervous tissue
102
notochord
rod-like structure made of a cartilage-like substance that is found in the early embryonic stages of all chordates. Rudimentary backbone
103
polyp
sessile form of Cnidarians
104
radial symmetry
body plan is divisible into identical parts around a central axis
105
All animals are/have...
Multicellular, heterotrophs, diploid zygote, animal cells bind to extracellular matrix
106
What are the 3 body regions of arthropods?
head, thorax, and abdomen
107
What traits did reptiles evolve which made them better fit for land?
Scales reduce water loss, and amniotic eggs (no moist environment needed), greater lung capacity
108
Open circulatory system
found in arthropods, pumps blood into a cavity called a hemocoel where it surrounds the organs and then returns to the heart(s) through ostia (openings)
109
Closed circulatory system
found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates, circulates blood unidirectionally from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart
110
Characteristics of Phylum Flatworm
No coelom at all and Unsegmented
111
Characteristics of Phylum Annelida
Body divided into segments that are separated by septa
Has setae
Has true coelom
112
Characteristics of Phylum Nematoda
Has pseudocoelom, Cylindrical, unsegmented bodies, and cuticle that molts
113
Characteristics of Phylum Chordata
Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (parallel to the notochord
Post anal tail
Pharyngeal slits
114
First animals are from _____ about ____ MYA
choanoflagellates, 570
115
Five subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda
Trilobites, chelicerates, mandibulate, myriapods, crustaceans, insects
116
chelicerates
have claw-like mouth parts called chelicerae, spiders and scorpions
117
Mandibulates
have chewing mouthparts called mandibles, includes myriapods, crustaceans, and insects
118
What are myriapods?
millipedes and centipedes
119
Tunicates and lancelets are chordates that have no...
cranium or vertebrae
120
3 groups of primates
Prosimians (lemurs), monkeys, and hominoids
121
What are hominins?
modern humans, reduced canine size and tool use
122
Non Hominin Hominid
Great apes, large body size and no tail
122
Monkeys
tree dwelling primates that have tails
123
Non Hominid Hominoid
smaller than great apes, no tails, large arms for branching (gibbons)
