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BIO 182 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

precursor simple cells arose

A

4.2 and 3.85 BYA

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2
Q

Process of abiogenesis

A

Simple compounds (H2O, NH3, etc), come together to form small organic molecules (ex: nucleotides); which form to make polymers (RNA, polysac); RNA makes proteins and lipds form spheres (DNA, proteins); formation of protocell, enclosed in lipid membrane

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3
Q

Atmosphere of Old Earth was…

A

Methane, ammonia, hydrogen…similar to atmospheres of outer planets, no oxygen

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4
Q

Test of abiogenesis theory

A

Done by Stephen Miller and Urey to test Oparin’s gases present at Old Earth, electric spark was ran through gases and few amino acids were produced in the presence of UV light and water

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5
Q

Photosynthesis originated in aquatic bacteria with ___ instead of water as electron donor

A

H2S, hydrogen sulfur, released sulfur into the air instead of O2

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6
Q

What happened when aquatic bacteria used water as electron donor for photosynthesis?

A

released O2 into the water, bubbled into the air, lowered CO2 in the pre-life atmosphere. Ozone was formed from oxygen, protected from UV rays, explosion of life

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7
Q

Prokaryote

A

single celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

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8
Q

Eukaryote

A

nucleus and membrane bound organelles, much bigger than prokaryotes

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9
Q

Two domains of prokaryote

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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10
Q

Archaea are more closely related to…

A

Eukaryotes

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11
Q

Bacteria cell wall composed of…

A

peptidoglycan

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12
Q

Archaea cell wall composed of…

A

proteins

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13
Q

Do Archaea use chlorophyll?

A

No

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14
Q

Bacteria and archaea both have…

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and ribosomes

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15
Q

What type of chromosomes do prokaryotes have?

A

One circular chromosome

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16
Q

Nucleoid

A

region where DNA is located, along with RNA and some proteins , no membrane

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17
Q

Plasmids

A

at least one, circles of DNA apart from chromosome

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A

use RNA to assemble proteins, every ribosome makes proteins the same way, structurally different

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19
Q

Cell Wall

A

gives shape to bacteria and archaea

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20
Q

3 types of bacteria

A

Coccus, Bacillus, Spirillum

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21
Q

Cell walls of bacteria have a outer layer that…

A

triggers immune reactions, used for protection or disease

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22
Q

Slime layer or Capsule

A

Sitcky layer that may surround the cell wall, used for attachment to surfaces

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23
Q

Pili

A

short hairlike projections made of protein, adhere to objects if attachment pili

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24
Q

Sex pili

A

aid in transfer of DNA from cell to cell

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25
Q

endospore

A

dormant, thick walled structures that can survive harsh conditions, will reproduce when conditions become more favorable

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26
Q

chemotrophs

A

oxidize inorganic/organic chemicals, fungi and animals

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27
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can live with or without O2, in absence of O2, use fermentation or anaerobic respiration

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28
Q

Proteobacteria

A

photosynthesis bacteria, uses purple pigments, includes E coli and Salmonella and ulcer

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29
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

also photosynthesis bacteria, use green pigments

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30
Q

Spirochaetes

A

spiral shaped organisms, Lyme disease and syphilis

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31
Q

Actinobacteria

A

soil dwelling microbes that produce streptomycin

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32
Q

What type of organism does nitrogen fixing (changing atmospheric nitrogen to something plants can use)

A

Archaea

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33
Q

First cells from domain Eukarya descended from their prokaryotic ancestors at least…

A

1.5 BYA

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34
Q

What type of cell was mitochondria before it was engulfed?

A

Proteobacteria

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35
Q

Where did the chlorplast come from according to the endosymbiont theory?

A

Cyanobacteria

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36
Q

All eukaryotic cells have…

A

mitochondria

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37
Q

When did multicellularity arise?

A

1.2 BYA

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38
Q

What is a protist?

A

eukaryotic organism that doesn’t fit the plant, animal or fungi definitions

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39
Q

algae

A

general term that refers to photosynthetic protists that live in water

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40
Q

Cells of algae contain chloroplasts that have…pigments

A

yellow, gold, brown, red, or green

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41
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

marine protists, have 2 flagella of different lengths, can infect shellfish due to toxins

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42
Q

Diatoms and Brown Algae have…pignments

A

golden or brown

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43
Q

Diatoms

A

unicellular algae with two part silica cell walls that fit together

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44
Q

Brown Algae

A

largest and most complex protists, multicellular algae, has a combination of photosynthetic pigments producing brown color

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45
Q

Red Algae

A

has photosynthetic pigments that absorb wavelengths of light that chlorophyll a cannot capture

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46
Q

Famous uses of Red Algae

A

agar plates and carrageenan

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47
Q

Green Algae

A

protists with the most similarities with plants, closet living relatives, unicellular or mulitcellular

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48
Q

Water molds

A

protists that decompose plants and animals in moist environments, secrete digestive enzymes into their surroundings but cell walls are made with cellulose

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49
Q

Irish potato famine was caused by…

A

water molds on potatoes

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50
Q

Slime Molds

A

protists that live in damp habitats

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51
Q

Fungi characteristics

A

eukaryotic, heterotrophs, cell walls made of chitin, storage carb is glycogen, most are multicellular but yeast is unicellular, only diploid cell is zygote

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52
Q

Chytridiomycetes

A

produce gametes and asexual spores with flagella

53
Q

Glomeromycetes

A

large distinctive asexual spores, can be seen by naked eye

54
Q

Ascomycetes

A

produce sexual spores in sacs

55
Q

Basidiomycetes

A

produce sexual spores in club shaped organs

56
Q

Endophytes

A

live between plant cells with no issue, help defend plants against disease

57
Q

mycorrhizae

A

fungi in living roots

58
Q

Lichens

A

fungus harbors cyanobacteria among its hyphae, symbiotic relationship

59
Q

What evidence supports that RNA was the first molecule to hold genetic info

A

RNA stores genetic info, duplicate on its own, and catalyzes reactions

60
Q

Pigments in chloroplast are similar to those in ___ (endosymbiosis)

A

cyanobacteria

61
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast both have their own…

A

DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

62
Q

How can bacteria exchange DNA with another cell

A

Conjugation

63
Q

Facultative respiration means the organism can…

A

can use fermentation or anaerobic respiration, can live with or without oxygen

64
Q

How do we classify fungi into phyla?

A

By the presence of sexual structures

65
Q

Three domains of life

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

66
Q

What do plants use as their glucose storage molecule

67
Q

Roots/vascular systems…

A

absorb water and minerals and anchor roots to soil

68
Q

What is the cuticle

A

waxy covering that keeps plants from drying out

69
Q

stomata

A

pores in the plant’s epidermis that allows the exchange of gases such as oxygen and co2

70
Q

What structure controls stomata?

A

Guard cells (2), open stomata leads to water escape

70
Q

Bryophytes don’t have vascular systems, how do they get nutrients?

A

Cell to cell diffusion

71
Q

When did vascular plants originate

71
Q

What is vascular tissue

A

collection of tubes that transport sugars, waters and minerals throughout the plant

72
Q

Xylem is part of the vascular system, what does it do?

A

transports waters and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves

73
Q

Phloem is part of the vascular system, what does it do?

A

transports sugars from photosynthesis to the roots

74
Q

Xylem is rich in ____, which is a complex polymer that strengthens cell walls.

75
Q

What part of the vascular tissue helps plants grow tall?

76
Q

Sporophytes, start of alternate generation cycle, are diploid or haploid?

77
Q

Sporophytes make…

78
Q

Gametophytes, the middle of the alternate generation cycle, are diploid or haploid?

79
Q

Gametophytes make…

80
Q

What is pollen?

A

male gametophytes of plants, each pollen grain produces sperm

81
Q

Pollination, the fertilization of female plant parts, eliminates the need for…

A

water/moisture during reproduction

81
Q

What are seeds?

A

dormant plant embryo packaged with food supply and tough outer coating to keep from drying out

82
Q

Origin of pollen and seeds was from…

83
Q

Gametes of seedless plants like ferns…

A

live close to their parent plant

84
Q

What are flowers?

A

reproductive structures that produce pollen and egg cells

85
Q

What are fruit?

A

develops from flowers, contains and protects seed, good for animal passing of seeds

86
Q

What are Bryophytes?

A

seedless plants that lack vascular tissue and lignin

87
Q

What do bryophytes look like?

A

Small and compact because they absorb nutrients directly from their surroundings

88
Q

What anchors bryophytes to the ground?

A

Hairlike extensions called rhizoids, cannot tap into water like roots

89
Q

How do bryophytes reproduce?

A

produce gametes that swim in the water

90
Q

Seedless vascular plants have…

A

vascular system with true leaves, stems, and roots

91
Q

Seedless vascular plants have underground stems called…

92
Q

Both seedless and vascular plants need…

A

water to reproduce

93
Q

What type of seeds do gymnosperms have?

A

Naked seeds, not enclosed in fruit

94
Q

Eudicots are part of angiosperms, which are…

A

flowering plant with two leaves (cotyledon) after germination

95
Q

Monocots are part of angiosperms which are…

A

flowering plant with one leaf (cotyledon) after germination

96
Q

What part of ovary develops into fruit?

A

wall of ovary

97
Q

hominid

A

humans and their ancestors and some of the great apes

98
Q

medusa

A

swimming form of Cnidarians, bell shape jellyfish

99
Q

brachiation

A

form of arboreal locomotion in which primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms

100
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer, develops into skeleton, muscles, heart, etc.

101
Q

endoderm

A

innermost layer, makes the guts

101
Q

ectoderm

A

outermost layer, makes epidermis and nervous tissue

102
Q

notochord

A

rod-like structure made of a cartilage-like substance that is found in the early embryonic stages of all chordates. Rudimentary backbone

103
Q

polyp

A

sessile form of Cnidarians

104
Q

radial symmetry

A

body plan is divisible into identical parts around a central axis

105
Q

All animals are/have…

A

Multicellular, heterotrophs, diploid zygote, animal cells bind to extracellular matrix

106
Q

What are the 3 body regions of arthropods?

A

head, thorax, and abdomen

107
Q

What traits did reptiles evolve which made them better fit for land?

A

Scales reduce water loss, and amniotic eggs (no moist environment needed), greater lung capacity

108
Q

Open circulatory system

A

found in arthropods, pumps blood into a cavity called a hemocoel where it surrounds the organs and then returns to the heart(s) through ostia (openings)

109
Q

Closed circulatory system

A

found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates, circulates blood unidirectionally from the heart, around the body, and back to the heart

110
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Flatworm

A

No coelom at all and Unsegmented

111
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Annelida

A

Body divided into segments that are separated by septa
Has setae
Has true coelom

112
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Nematoda

A

Has pseudocoelom, Cylindrical, unsegmented bodies, and cuticle that molts

113
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Chordata

A

Notochord
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (parallel to the notochord
Post anal tail
Pharyngeal slits

114
Q

First animals are from _____ about ____ MYA

A

choanoflagellates, 570

115
Q

Five subphyla of Phylum Arthropoda

A

Trilobites, chelicerates, mandibulate, myriapods, crustaceans, insects

116
Q

chelicerates

A

have claw-like mouth parts called chelicerae, spiders and scorpions

117
Q

Mandibulates

A

have chewing mouthparts called mandibles, includes myriapods, crustaceans, and insects

118
Q

What are myriapods?

A

millipedes and centipedes

119
Q

Tunicates and lancelets are chordates that have no…

A

cranium or vertebrae

120
Q

3 groups of primates

A

Prosimians (lemurs), monkeys, and hominoids

121
Q

What are hominins?

A

modern humans, reduced canine size and tool use

122
Q

Non Hominin Hominid

A

Great apes, large body size and no tail

122
Q

Monkeys

A

tree dwelling primates that have tails

123
Q

Non Hominid Hominoid

A

smaller than great apes, no tails, large arms for branching (gibbons)

BIO 182 (2 decks)

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