module 4

Question 1

what does prognosis mean

Answer 1

the progress of predicting the future about a patient condition

Question 2

why is an accurate prognosis important

Answer 2

improved pt edu

helps in developing a plan of care

helps to promote the appropriate allocation of resources

Question 3

what is a primary prevention stratagie

Answer 3

direct pt care towards preventing a new condition

based on known risk factors

EX: pt with sedentary lifestyle is at risk for developing CVD or obesity

Question 4

what are 2ndary prevention stratagies

Answer 4

direct pt towards preventing 2nd and tert conditions in pt

EX: prevent chronic back pain to prevent further disability

Question 5

what does prognosis do for PT practice

Answer 5

risk of adverse future events

patient expected health status over time

likely response to intervention

duration of treatment needed

Question 6

what are prognostic risk factors

Answer 6

unique characteristics that predict an outcome or an adverse event

medical or behavioral comoribities

demographics

clinical characteristics

Question 7

PICOT - I

Answer 7

exposure

EX: smoking, inactivity

Question 8

PICOT - C

Answer 8

non-exposure

Question 9

PICOT - O

Answer 9

presence or absence of an adverse event

Question 10

what is the ideal study for a prognostic study

Answer 10

prospective cohort

Question 11

weaker designs of a prognostic study

Answer 11

case control study

retrospective

Question 12

what is the defintion of a homo clinical population

Answer 12

ID as a defined and common time point during the course of the disease

Question 13

how does the prospective study work for prognostic

Answer 13

group of individuals free of outcome of interest

homo groups - one exposed to the risk the others not exposed

follow these groups over time to see if they develop the outcome of interest

Question 14

what can be ascertained with a prospective study design

Answer 14

temporal relationship between the risk and the outcome of interest

Question 15

retrospective cohort design

Answer 15

like a prospective but all of the events have occurred in the past

normally using data based or public service databases

Question 16

what are the two types of cohort studies

Answer 16

prospective and retro

Question 17

what are thee advantages of a cohort studies

Answer 17

ethically safe

can establish the timing of events

assement of exposure are more accurate - pro

less cost and easier to administer then a RCT

Question 18

what are thee disadvantages of a cohort studies

Answer 18

exposure may be linked to a hidden cofounder

blinding is hard

for rare disease - long follow up and large n is needed

can still be lengthy and costly what

Question 19

case control studies and prognosis

Answer 19

ID people with the outcome of interest and those without the outcome of interest

look retro for difference between the two groups

excess the odds of being exposed

Question 20

advantages of case control studies

Answer 20

groups for comparison

ideal for rare disease

can look a multiple exposure variables at once

cheap and quick

Question 21

disadvantages of case control studies

Answer 21

potential for selection and info bias

cannot measure the incidence or the prevalence

restricted to studying the outcome of interest

Question 22

hierarchy of evidence for prognosis studies

Answer 22

1. systematic review and meta
2. inception cohort
3. cohort study
4. case-control
5. mechanism based reading

Question 23

what is the STROBE statement

Answer 23

like the STRAND (diagnostic) but for prognostic studies

check list of items that should be included in reports

Question 24

when does the group of particpants have to be assembled

Answer 24

at a similar disease point or onset of disease

Question 25

what is an inception cohort

Answer 25

this is the more ideal

enrolling patients from the time the disease first manifest itself

Question 26

what must be true of cohort study groups

Answer 26

they must be fairly homo to reduce confounding