Module 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Active immunity
A
Resistance in an organism that has developed through the production of specific antibodies in response to a pathogen. It provides long lasting immunity as memory cells are produced
2
Q
Agglutinins
A
Chemicals which cause pathogens to aggregate together, aiding phagocytosis.
3
Q
Antibiotic
A
Chemical/compound produced by a living organism which kills or prevents the growth of bacteria
4
Q
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
A
Bacteria that mutate to become resistant to an antibiotic. Survive and reproduce quickly passing on their antibiotic resistant
5
Q
Antibodies
A
Immunoglobulins produced by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen triggering an immune response
6
Q
Antigen
A
Chemical present on surface of a cell that induces an immune respomse
7
Q
Antigen presenting cell
A
A macrophage which displays foreign antigens
8
Q
Anti toxins
A
Chemicals produces by WBC that neutralise toxins released by pathogens
9
Q
Artificial active immunity
A
Production of antibodies by the immune system following the exposure to a weakened, or dead pathogen e.g. by vaccination
10
Q
Artificial passive immunity
A
Immunity acquired from the administration of specific antibodies from another organism
11
Q
Athletes foot
A
A form of ring worm in humans which effects the feet, cracking and scaling of the skin
12
Q
Autoimmune disease
A
Condition which the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissues e.g. lupus
13
Q
Bacteria
A
Prokaryotic cells which have cell walls but lack organelles
14
Q
Bacterial meningitis
A
Severe form of meningitis which is caused by bacterial infection of the meninges. Complications included sepsis. Symptom: rash of purple discolouration which doesn’t fade when a glass pressed against
15
Q
B effector cells
A
Type of B lymphocyte which divides to form plasma cells
16
Q
Black Sigatoka
A
Fungal disease in tomato’s which caused by the hyphae, which penetrate and digest host lead cells, turning them black
17
Q
B lymphocytes
A
Lymphocytes which nature in the bone marrow
18
Q
B memory cells
A
B lymphocytes which provide immunological memory
19
Q
Callose
A
Plant polysaccharide which contains B 1-3 and B1-6 linkages between glucose molecules. Deposited between cell walls and cell membrane in cells adjacent to infected cells, serving as defence against pathogens.
20
Q
Chitinases
A
Enzymes which degrade chitin in fungal cell walls
21
Q
CLONAL expansion
A
Mass proliferation of specific antibodies producing cells
22
Q
CLONAL selection
A
Identification if an antibody producing cell with complementary receptors to the shape of a specific antigen
23
Q
Communicable diseases
A
Disease caused by a pathogen and transmitted directly between organisms
24
Q
Cytokines
A
Cell signalling molecules produced by mast cells in damaged tissue. Attract WBC to site of damage
25
Direct transmission
Transfer of a pathogen directly from one organism to another
26
Epidemic
Rapid rise in the incidence of a communicable disease at a local or national level
27
Expulsive reflexes
Coughs or sneezes initated upon irritation of the respiratory tract. They remove microorganisms containing mucus from the gaseous exchange system
28
Fungi
Eukaryotic, digest and destroy cells, produce spores which can spread rapidly between organisms
29
Glucanases
Enzymes produced by plants which decompose glucanases, polysaccharides food in oomycete cell walls
30
Histamine
Chemical produced by mast cells in damaged tissue. Makes blood vessels dilate and makes their walls leakier
31
HIV
Infectious virus which destroys T helper cells, weakening the immune system of the body. HIV makes the individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections and can lead to AIDS
32
Indirect transmission
Transfer of pathogen indirectly between organisms via formites, vectors etc
33
Inflammation
Localised response of vascular tissues to pathogens, damage or irritants. Characterised by pain, red heat and swelling
34
Influenza
Common viral infection caused by family of viruses, which destroys Ciliated epithelial cells in gas exchange systems, exposing airways to the secondary infections
35
Interleukins
Cytokines produced by T helper cells that stimulate B cells
36
Lymphocytes
White blood cells which that contribute to specific immune responses
37
Lysosome
Membrane bound organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes
38
Malaria
Disease caused by the protocista plasmodium which lives between two hosts, mosquitoes and humans. Causes recurring episodes of fever
39
Mast cells
Specialised cells in connective tissues that are important in inflammatory response,releasing histamines and cytokines
40
MRSA
Bacteria which is resistant to the antibiotic
41
Mucous membranes
Membranes lining body cavities which secrete a sticky mucous
42
Natural active immunity
Production of antibodies by immune system following infection
43
Non specific defences
Defences always present and are same for all organisms
E.g. Skin, blood clotting, inflammation
44
Opsonins
Chemicals which bind to and tag foreign cells, making them easily recognisable to phagocytes
45
Passive immunity
Resistance in an organism acquired via transport of antibodies. Provides ST immunity as no memory cells produced
46
Pathogen
Disease causing microorganism
47
Penicillin
First conventional effective and safe antibiotic derived from mould
48
Phagocytes
Specialised white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens.
Two types:
Neutrophils and macrophages
49
Phagocytosis
Where phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens
50
Phagolysosome
Vesicle In phagocyte formed by fusion of phagosome and lysosome
51
Phagosome
Vacuole inside a phagocyte in which a foreign particle is engulfed
52
Plasma cells
B lymphocytes which produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen
53
Potato blight
Disease caused by fungi like protocist whose hyphae penentrate host cells, causing the collapse and decay of the leaves, fruits and tubers. Also known as tomato blight or late blight
54
Primary immune response
Response of immune system to a pathogen when it is first encountered. Small amount of antibodies produced slowly
55
Protocista
Group of eukaryotic, single celled microorganisms which cause disease. Digest cells and use cell contents to reproduce
56
Ring rot
Bacterial disease in tomatos, potatoes and aubergines that results in damage to the leaves, fruit and tubers.
57
Ringworm
A fungal disease that affects mammals, causing grey-white, circular, crustly lesions on the skin
58
Secondary immune response
Response of the immune system to a pathogen when it is encountered for a second time. Immunological memory gives a rapid production of a large number of antibodies
59
T helper cells
T lymphocytes with CD4 receptors on the cell surface membrane. These bind to antigens on the antigen-presenting cells and secrete interleukins
60
T killer cells
T lymphocytes which produce perforin destroying pathogens with a specific antigen
61
T lymphocytes
Lymphocytes which mature in the thymus gland.
T helper, T killer, T memory and T regulatory
62
T memory
T lymphocytes which provide immunological memory
63
Tobacco mosaic virus
Virus which infects many species of plants, in particular tobacco plants. It damages the leaves, flowers and fruit, and stunts plant growth
64
T regulator cells
T lymphocytes which regulate the immune response by supressing other T cells and maintaining tolerance to self antigens
65
Tuberculosis
A bacterial disease, caused by Mycobacterium TB and M bovis which damages lung tissue and weakens the immune system.
66
Vaccination
Deliberate exposure of an individual to antigens from a pathogen to provide artificial active immunity
67
Vector
Living or non living agent which transmits a pathogen between organisms
68
Viruses
Non living infectious agents which invade host cells and take over cell metabolism, replicating them
69
Adaption
Feature of organism which increases the chance of its survival in its environment.
Could be anatomical, physiological and behavioural
70
Belt transect
Line along a sampled area upon which quadrats are placed a intervals to determine the abundance and distribution of organisms in an ecosystems
71
Binomial system
Universal system of naming organisms.
First is the genus and second the species
72
Biodiversity
Variety of living organisms in an ecosystem
73
Classification
Organisation of organisms into groups
74
Community
All the populations of different species living together in a habitat
75
Conservation
Maintenance of ecosystems and biodiversity by humans in order to preserve the earth's resources
76
Continuous variation
When a characteristic can have any value within a given range
77
Convention on biological diversity
A treaty which promotes the sustainable use and maintenance of biodiversity. One of three Rio conventions
78
Convention on International trade in endangered species (CITES)
A treaty which regulates the trade of plants and wild animals across international borders
79
Convergent evolution
Process which unrelated species evolve similar traits due to exposure to similar environments
80
CSS
Scheme in England that aimed to provide financial incentives to farmers to enhance and conserve the environment- replaced by ESS
81
Discontinuous variation
When a characteristic can only take certain values e.g. sex, eye colour and blood group
82
Domain
Highest taxonomic rank.
Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryotic.
83
Evolution
Gradual change in allele frequencies within a population over time, due to natural selection
84
Ex situ conservation
Conservation out of an organisms natural habitat. e.g. zoos
85
Fossil
Remains of dead organisms found in rocks
86
Fungi
Biological kingdom consisting of mushrooms and yeasts
87
Genetic biodiversity
Measure of variety of genes that make up a species
88
Habitat biodiversity
Measure of different habitats in an area
89
In situ conservation
Conservation that takes place in an organisms natural habitat e.g. wildlife reserves, marine conservation zones
90
Interspecific variation
Differences between members of different species
91
Intraspecific variation
Differences between members of same species
92
Keystone species
Species which has a large effect for the environment and is crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity
93
Kick-sampling
Method used to sample organisms living on the bed of a river. Involved disturbing an area of river bed before placing a net downstream to capture released organisms
94
Kingdom
Second highest taxonomic rank.
Prokaryotae, Protocista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
95
Line transect
Line along a sampled area. Species touching the transect at regular intervals are recorded to determine the abundance and distribution of organisms in an ecosystems
96
Monoculture
Growth of one crop in a given area
97
Natural selection
Process which the frequency of 'advantegous' alleles gradually increases in a populations gene pool over time
98
Non-random sampling
Sampling method which a sample is not chosen randomly
Opportunistic, stratified, systematic
99
Opportunistic sampling
Type of non-random sampling which involves drawing a sample from part of the population that is conveniently available
100
Phylogenetic tree
Diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships between organisms
101
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationship between individuals and group of organisms
102
Pitfall trap
Device used to catch small ground surface invertebrates. Consists of container buried beneath the ground
103
Pooters
Device used in collection of small insects
Two tubes: one connecting holding chamber to a mouthpiece and to other in inlet tube
104
Prokaryotae
Biological kingdom consisting of unicellular prokaryotes
105
Proportion of polymorphic gene loci
Measure of genetic biodiversity
- Number of polymorphic gene loci/ total number of loci
106
Protocista
Biological kingdom consisting of unicellular eukaryotes
107
Quadrat
Square grid of known area using sampling to discuss abundance of organisms in a habitat.
108
Random sampling
Sampling used to avoid bias
109
Seed bank
Storage of seeds to preserve genetic material
110
Selection pressures
Environmental factors which drive evolution by natural selection and limit population sizes e.g. competition, predation and disease
111
Simpsons index of diversity
A measurement of diversity which considers species richness and eveness
112
Spearmans rank correlation coefficient
Stats test used to determine relationship between two variables
113
Species eveness
Number of individuals of each species living together in a community
114
Species richness
Number of different species found in an area
115
Stratified sampling
Type of non-random sampling which populations are divided into strata and a random sample taken from each proportionate to size
116
Students t test
Stats test used to analyse whether a significant difference between the means of data values of two pops
117
Sweep nets
Funnel shaped net used to catch insects and other small animals
118
Systematic sampling
Type of non-random sampling in which samples are taken from different regions of a habitat
119
Taxon
Esch group within a phylogenetic classification system
120
Taxonomic hierarchy
Arrangements of organisms into successive levels of classification known as taxonomic groups
121
Three domain system
Classification system in which organism put into three domains and six kingdoms
- Carl Woese
122
Tullgren funnel
Extract living organisms from a soil sample
123
Variation
Differences between individuals due to genes, environment, or combo of both
