Module 4 Flashcards
What is exploration?
According to Marcia, the process through which adolescents actively examine their possible future roles and paths
What is commitment
According to Marcia, individuals’ sense of allegiance to the goals, values, and beliefs, occupation they have chosen
What are Marcia’s four identity stages in adolescent development?
Identity Achievement: individuals have gone through exploration and achieved commitment; they have gone through a period of decision making and are now actively pursuing their goals
Foreclosure: individuals have not gone through exploration but have achieved commitment; they have likely adopted the values & beliefs of their parents
Moratorium: individuals are going through exploration but have not achieved commitment; adolescents are actively in the process of exploration
Identity Diffusion: individuals have not gone through exploration and have not achieved commitment; they likely have a cynical attitude towards issues presented to them
How do Marcia’s theories relate to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Erikson believed each individual passes through eight developmental stages, each characterized by a psychological “crisis” that must be resolved in order for them to move to the next; both describe identity development and how individuals must make choices and commit to options
How is self-esteem different from self-concept
Self concept is one’s perceptions of one’s unique combination of attributes, while self esteem is one’s evaluation of one’s worth as a person based on an assessment of the qualities that make up the self-concept
What is the difference between self-esteem and self-efficacy
Self esteem is feelings about the self, a judgement about self worth, while self-efficacy is a judgement of capability to do behaviors.
What is the difference between the I-self and the me-self
The I-self is a person’s subjective sense of being a self-aware, unique individual who experiences the world in a particular way
The me-self is the person’s sense of their objective characteristics, such as physical appearance, abilities, and other personal features that are easily observed
The I-self includes self-awareness, self-agency, self-continuity, and self-coherence
How do I-self and me-self relate to looking glass self
the looking glass self is the idea that self-concept evolves from social interactions and will undergo many changes in a lifetime (aka the self is a reflection of how others react to them); me-self also ties into other people’s perceptions, while I-self is about one’s own self perception
What is the categorical self
Children not only begin to realize who they are, but also how they differ from others along dichotomous categories.
What is self-recognition
the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror or photograph, coupled with the conscious awareness that the mirror or photographic image is a representation of “me”
What is a sense of self
being an entity separate from the people an objects around you
What is a social identity
Social identity refers to that part of an individual’s self‑concept which derives from their knowledge of and attitudes toward membership in a social group coupled with the value and emotional significance attached to that membership.
What is personal identity
A person’s sense of their self as persisting overtime (I-self) and a sense of personal characteristics such as appearance and abilities that can be objectively known (me-self)
What is the difference between social & personal identity
person identities distinguish a person from other individuals, while social identities are part of the collective self that defines the individual in terms of their shared similarities with members of certain social groups
What is a script
event schemas that specify who participates in an event, what social roles they play, what objects they are to use during the event, and the sequences of actions that make up the event
What is a cultural tool
Material and symbolic tools that accumulate through time, are passed on through social processes, and provide resources for the developing child. All tools are both material and symbolic.
What is a mediation
Process through which tools organize children’s activities and ways of relating to their environments
What is scaffolding
A process that supports students as they learn to perform a task independently
What are cultural regularities
Cultural values or structures that influence why people do what they do (ex: age-graded segregation, horizontal vs hierarchical organization)W
What are the four major differences between formal and non formal schooling
motivation, social relations, social organization, and medium of instruction
What is a longitudinal design study
collects info about a group of people as they grow older; using cohorts, or groups of people born about the same time who likely share experiences
What is a cross-sectional design study
collects info about people of various ages at one time
What is a cohort sequential design
it uses the longitudinal method replicated in several cohorts
What is a microgenetic study
it focuses on children’s development over short periods of time
What white supremacist values do US formal schools teach
a sense of urgency, quantity > quality, worship of the written word, one right way, paternalism (strong sense of who has power/who doesn’t), either/or thinking (good/bad right/wrong), fear of open conflict, individualism, and objectivity (belief that emotions are destructive, people must think in linear fashion)
What is self-recognition
the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror or photograph, coupled with the conscious awareness that the mirror or photographic image is a representation of “me”
What questions are involved in developing an identity
Who you are, where you are headed, where you fit in society
How does the understanding of the self change from early childhood to middle childhood?
younger children’s self descriptions usually focus on the concrete, objective self with highly specific, loosely connected behaviors, abilities, and preferences (I live in a big house, I have blonde hair, etc. – the me-self). In middle childhood, self-descriptions become more abstract and focused on the possibilities of the self in the future
What is ethnic identity
a sense of belonging to an ethnic group and the feelings and attitudes that accompany the sense of group membership
