Module 2 Flashcards
What is Temperament?
the early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation.
What is Reactivity?
variations in quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor action
What is Self-Regulation?
the strategies that modify reactivity
What are the three types of temperament?
Easy (40%): quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences
Difficult (10%): has irregular daily routines, is slow to accept new experiences, and tends to react negatively and intensely.
Slow to Warm Up (15%): inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences.
What is goodness of fit?
it refers to how temperament and environmental pressures together can produce favorable outcomes (aka how development is shaped by the interactions of children’s own characteristics & their environment)
What is Attachment?
an emotional bond between children and their caregivers that encourages children to turn to those caregivers for support, comfort, and protection
What are the four types of attachment according to Ainsworth?
secure attachment: a pattern in which children play comfortably and react positively to a stranger as long as their mother is present. They become upset when their mother leaves and are unlikely to be consoled by a stranger, but they calm down as soon as their mother appears.
avoidant attachment: infants are indifferent to where their mother is sitting, may or may not cry when she leaves, are as likely to be comforted by strangers as by their mother, and are indifferent when their mother returns
resistant attachment: infants stay close to their mother and appear anxious even when she is near. They become very upset when she leaves but aren’t comforted by her return. They simultaneously seek renewed contact with their mother and resist their mother’s efforts to comfort them.
disorganized attachment: the insecure attachment pattern in which infants seem to lack a coherent method for dealing with stress. May behave in seemingly contradictory ways, such as screaming for their mother but moving away when she approaches. In extreme cases, they may seem dazed
Compare & Contrast Harlow, Bowlby, and Ainsworth’s Contributions to Attachment Theories
Harlow looked at why children attach, Bowlby looked at when children attach, and Ainsworth looked at how children attach
Harlow believed the “love” infants share with their caregivers exceeds beyond the need for nourishment and food to desiring proximity and warmth and that infants biological desire to be close to people they love functions to ensure survival and protection
Bowlby believed attachment is an evolved response that aids the baby’s survival. Infants’ crying, sucking, smiling, following, etc, are biologically innate and become focused on the mother figure during the first year of life. He contributed the stages of attachment
Ainsworth contributed the four different attachment styles using the Strange Situation.
John Bowlby’s Phases of Attachment
- Preattachment Phase (birth to 6 weeks): no discrimination of different people; no distress with unfamiliar people
- Attachment-in-the-making (6 weeks to 6-8 months): discrimination of familiar and unfamiliar people; at 6-8 months, show preferences for familiar people and wariness of strangers
- Clear-cut attachment (6-8 months to 18-24 months): primary caregiver (mother) becomes a secure base for exploring; clear separation anxiety when separated from the primary caregiver
- Reciprocal relationships (18-24 months & older): shared responsibility for maintaining contact; may feel secure even during separations due to growing symbolic capacities
What is a Secure Base?
Bowlby’s term for the people whose presence provides a child with the security that allows them to make exploratory excursions
What is detachment?
Bowlby’s term for the state of indifference toward others experienced by children who have been separated from caregivers for an extended time and have not formed new stable relationships
What does Attachment Theory claim? (Strange Situation)
that when infants view caregivers as secure bases, they should feel confident to explore their environment. It also predicts that infants should seek out the caregiver for security when reunited with them.
What are some of the developmental outcomes associated with attachment?
in individualistic communities, socialization practices and goals emphasize independence (exploring your environment can be a form of autonomy); a core Western value
What are Baumrind’s Parenting Styles?
Authoritarian: tend to use coercion to control child, are strict, rarely praise, value obedience
Authoritative: tend to use induction (persuasion) to control child, are accepting and responsive, often use praise & other reinforcement, value individuality, openly negotiate & compromise w/ children
Permissive-neglecting: are self-absorbed, do not show affection or set expectations for children
Permissive: are accepting and loving, non-demanding, rarely punish, value self-regulation, creativity, and indepedence
Compare the demandingness & responsiveness of different Baumrind parenting styles
Authoritarian parents are high in responsiveness & low in demandingness
Authoritative parents are high in responsiveness & demandingness
Permissive-neglecting parents are low in responsiveness & demandingness
Permissive parents are high in responsiveness & low in demandigness
