Module 4

Question 1

Anatomy and functions of the major ascending tracts (anterolateral
and dorsal column-medial lemniscus systems) and descending spinal cord tract
(cortico-spinal tract, CST), including crossing of midline.

Question 2

Describe the function and location of the brainstem reticular formation

Question 3

Describe the three-dimensional structure of the membranous labyrinth

Question 4

Differentiate semicircular canals and otoliths.

Question 5

List the mechanical structures involved in movement detection and relate their
function to the components of the labyrinth

Question 6

Explain the biophysics and receptor mechanism of the labyrinthine hair cells.

Question 7

Describe the structure, normal stimulus, transduction at the receptor level, and
function of the otolith organs.

Question 8

Describe the structure, normal stimulus, transduction at the receptor level, and
function of the semicircular canals.

Question 9

Define the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Question 10

Differentiate the components of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Question 11

Contrast the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Question 12

Compare and contrast terms and concepts related to the sympathetic and
parasympathetic systems, including: the central location of cell body of origin,
number of synapses between CNS and effector organs, degree of myelination, and
general effects on target tissues.

Question 13

Define & contrast pre- & post-ganglionic autonomic neurons, & white/gray rami
communicantes.

Question 14

List the cranial and sacral nerves that produce parasympathetic outflow

Question 15

Describe the synaptic characteristics, receptors, and neurotransmitters for the
parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS.

Question 16

Describe ANS signaling mechanism & the effects of sympathetic/parasympathetic
stimulation of lungs, heart, arteries, and veins; gastrointestinal function.