Module 4 Flashcards
research
a scientific method by which data is systemically collected to describe, explain, and/or predict events
evidence based practice
the conscientious and judicious use of current best evidence to guide health care decisions
epidemiology
foundation of evidence based practice in public health and public health nursing- the study of people essentially
study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations
distribuiton
occurrence of cases person, place and time
determinants
risk factors
the occurrence of a disease or health-event which maybe physical, behavioral, biological, social, or culture
health related states
diagnosis of a disease, cause of death, health behavior (smoking, exercise, seat belt use)
specified population
a group that can be measured and is defined by demographics, geographical location, time period
time bound: over 10 years, one month, etc.
application
using data methods to steer public health decisions and community based interventions to control and prevent public health
objectives of epidemiology
cause (etiology of disease)
extent of disease in community
study of natural history of disease
evaluate preventative and therapeutic measures
provide foundation for public policy with regard to disease prevention and health promotion
methods used in epidemiology
surveillance
study design
descriptive epidemiology
analytic epidemiology
surveillance
gathering of data for disease, events, and environmental hazards
study design
ecological- looks at the country level data- not individual by person but by like # of people who died by suicide in a country
cohort- looks at groups of people ( total # of heart surgeries at UK from 2010-2015
case control- looks at cases of disease (total # of covid + at baptist health) case= have the diagnosis (COVID), control- comparison so people who are hospitalized that dont have it)
cross sectional
descriptive epidemiology
purpose is to describe who, what, when, and where
analytic epidemiology
to examine relationships between who, what, where, and when to determine why
epidemiological triangle
good for infection diseases NOT chronic
when there is clearly a pathogen or environmental event with a host
Host, agent, environment, time
ranking infection- infectivity(rate of infections), pathogenicity (illness rate/number infected), virulence(severe or fatal cases)
web of causation
used to investigate relationships between factors related to who, what, when, where, why
links all the variables that could potentially cause CHRONIC disease
works well when studying CHRONIC disease and mental illness b/c acknowledge of multiple contributors to disease process
routinely collected data
data collected on regular basis (vital statistics, US census)
epidemiological data (data collected specifically for epidemiologic persons, surveillance)
data collected for other reasons (physician data, KSAPER, health and insurance records)
measures of risk
ratios
proportions
incidence proportion
incidence rate
mortality rate
prevalence rate
ratio
magnitude/comparison of qualities or values where the numerator and denominator need not be related
(ex: # of female suicide decedents divided by # of males attempting suicide)
DO NOT need to relate to each other
proportion
the comparison of a part to the whole. a type of ratio which the numerator is included in the denominator
(EX: # of male covid deaths divided by # of males covid cases x100= n%)
proportions are answered in percentages
reliability
extent a measuring procedure yields consistent results on repeated administrations (students consistently do bad on the second exam, its always been this way)
