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Public Health Exam 2 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

culture

A

knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws, customs
influences how a person perceives and evaluates the world, and behaves in that world.
influences how you see the world

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2
Q

cultural competence

A

self awareness and humility are the foundation of competent care
culturally congruent behaviors, practice, attitudes, and policies that allow nurses to use interpersonal communication, relationship skills, and behavioral flexibility to work effectively in cross-cultural situations

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3
Q

Race

A

5 categories
White
black or African American
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Native Hawaiian or other pacific islander

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4
Q

ethnicity

A

2 categories’
Hispanic or Latino (defined as Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, south or central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race
Not Hispanic or Latino

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5
Q

cultural characteristics

A

learned (often at birth) through language and socialization
shared by members of same cultural group
adapted to specific conditions related to environmental, technical factors and availability of natural resources
influenced by education, income, and other shared socioeconomic factors
dynamic

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6
Q

cultural competence and population trends in US

A

increase in minorities
white population predicted to be minority in future
important for cultural diversity

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7
Q

cultural competence and healthcare

A

associated between diversity in the workforce and achieving health equality
greater diversity enhances support for addressing health disparities, supports greater innovations in public health approaches
better evidence and training related to diversity, cultural competency, and health equity facilitates improvements in public health outcomes.
makes more aware of determinants of health is cultures, race, and social groups

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8
Q

cultural competence and health disparities

A

differences in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific populations in US
inequalities that exist when members of certain populations do not benefit from same health as other groups
disparities include:
Racial and ethnic groups
Gender
Sexual Identity
age
socio-economic status
people with disabilities
geographic locations
vulnerable populations

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9
Q

disparities across racial groups

A

life expectancy of blacks lower than whites
Hispanics twice as likely to die from liver cancer than white
indigenous people twice as likely to have DM than white
blacks with DM are 7 times more likely to have amputations and develop renal failure than whites with DM

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10
Q

Socioeconomic status

A

economic status of family or unrelated individuals based on income, wealth, occupation, education attainment, power

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11
Q

federal poverty guidelines

A

compares pretax cash income with the poverty threshold adjusted for family size and composition issued annually by USDHHS
-disproportionate income across ethnic/race groups across poverty lines

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12
Q

health and socioeconomic influences

A

upper, middle and lower classes
transgenerational poverty
individuals from racially and ethnically diverse subgroups are members of lower socioeconomic groups

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13
Q

education

A

most important factor is SES
level and quality of education plays important role

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14
Q

Gender disparities

A

men life expectancy shorter than women
women morbidity higher
women twice as likely to be affected by major depression but men more likely to kill themselves

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15
Q

health disparities and disability

A

higher levels of anxiety, pain, sleeplessness, depression
experience lower levels of physical activity, higher rates of obesity, less access to health services

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16
Q

rural vs urban metropolitan areas

A

rural counties have higher mortality rates than urban counties, have higher poverty rates, and lower amounts of healthcare professionals
distinct rural-urban divide
parts of Appalachia are considered distressed

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17
Q

rural vs urban disparities

A

25% of Americans live
injury related death rates 50% higher in rural locations
appalachia has higher rates of heart disease, cancer, DM, COPD
rural populations are less likely to seek preventive screening, exercise, unsafe lifestyle practices (seat belts)

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18
Q

culturally competent nursing

A

lifestyle, value systems, and health and illness behaviors of diverse individuals, families, groups, and communities
institutions that influence the health and well being communities
your own cultural perspective

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19
Q

principles of culturally competent nursing

A

designed for a specific client
based on uniqueness of clients cultural norms and values
self-empowerment strategies to facilitate client decision making in health behavior
sensitivity based on the cultural uniqueness of the client

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20
Q

sterotyping

A

ascribing certain beliefs and behaviors about a given racial/ethic group to an individual

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21
Q

prejudice

A

emotional manifestation of deeply held beliefs about a group; usually negative; often precursor to discriminatory acts

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22
Q

racism

A

form of prejudice; exercise of power by those who feel superior to others
may be at individual or institutional level

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23
Q

ethnocentrism

A

tendency to view their own way of life as the best; act in superior manner toward another culture

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24
Q

cultural blindness

A

persons tendency to think everyone is basically the same and should be treated the same way

25
cultural imposition
persons tendency to impose their own beliefs, values, and patterns of behavior on individuals from another culture
26
cultural conflict
perceived threat that may arise occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash
27
cultural shock
feelings of helplessness, discomfort, and disorientation experienced when faced with a culture with different beliefs and values
28
theory of cultural care
purpose: looking at different cultures with respect to cultural care, health, illness beliefs, values and practices goal: use this knowledge to provide cultural specific universal nursing care to people provides comprehensive and holistic view of influences in cultural care and well being
29
culture influences on social and behavioral factors
family nutrition religion aging communication socioeconomic status
30
cross cultural differences may exist in
structural differences functional diversity socialization context sex roles and parenting values
31
culturally competent nutritional assessment
cultural definition of food frequency and number of meals eaten away from home amount and types of foods eaten
32
vulnerable populations
groups who have an increased risk to develop adverse health outcomes have worse health outcomes (chronic illness, communicable diseases, and upper respiratory infections) more susceptible because of internal and external factors
33
health disparities
wide variations in health services and health status among groups ( infant mortality, disease-specific mortality rates) vulnerable pop's more likely to have r/t fewer resources, health promotion, disease prevention, maintenance
34
major causes of health disparities
inadequate access to care r/t due to economics, language, geography standard quality of care- due to patient and healthcare provider miscommunication, provider discriminations/prejudice; even when minorities have same access still have poor quality
35
resilience
ability to resist the effects of vulnerability
36
disenfranchisement
feel separated from mainstream society invisible to society- poor, homeless, migrant workers forgotten in health and social planning
37
hopelessness
results from feeling of powerlessness and social isolation can occur if not resilient, feel disenfranchised
38
predisposing factors of vulnerability
poverty uninsured or underinsured age change in normal physiology (due to chronic illness) life experiences (can make you stronger or more resilient) external locus of control (life events outside of their control, leave up to fate)
39
types of poverty (predisposing factors of vulnerability)
persistent- long periods, pass on to next generation neighborhood- areas of high poverty, poor housing, high unemployment crisis- situational, loss of job
40
Poverty
unemployed drug users first generation immigrants single parent families high school diploma or less
41
causes of poverty
unemployment decreased earnings, not keeping up with cost of living increased single parents, single moms make less inadequate programs for education, job skills, combat poverty, welfare weak enforcement of child support payments
42
effects of health in poverty
inadequate nutrition higher rates of chronic illness- DM's, HTN, asthma higher infant mortality rate, morbidity shorter life expectancy more complications, higher hospitalization rates r/t no transportation, inconvenient locations, clinic hours, negative attitude toward healthcare providers.
43
contributing factors to homelessness
poverty decreased availability of low cost housing unemployment substance abuse lack of treatment facilities for mentally ill domestic violence
44
who are the homeless
families, children, teen runaways, single women, unemployed, underpaid, migrant workers, mentally ill, older adults, Vietnam war-era veterans, substance/alcohol abuse
45
health problems of homeless
inability to get rest, nutrition, exercise, exposure to infectious diseases, acute and chronic illness, infestations, trauma, mental health probs
46
migrant farm workers
seasonal employment for a short period of time <24 hours temporary housing usually Hispanic
47
problems with seasonal farm workers
no English, cultural differences of health, poor access to healthcare, pesticide exposure, housing, transportation, children and youth
48
public health acts for vulnerable poopulations
social security act of 1935 (federal support of elderly and poor Americans, direct payments) social security act amendment of 1965 (Medicare/caid) balanced budget act of 1997 (attempt to decrease spending with home health, reduced payments for Medicare resulting in limited access due to stricter regulations of reimbursement, some HCP refusing to see Medicare) affordable care act of 2010
49
assessment of vulnerable populations
what do they need? what are their financial resources and social support? stress Living environment/neighborhood evaluation of preventative health needs compassion and respect coordinated care and services focus on prevention advocacy for policies and development of better services for vulnerable populations social justice- ensuring poorest have same resources as the rest of the society (access to care, housing, environment)
50
health disaprities
wide variation in health services and status amongst groups vulnerable populations are more likely to have disease specific mortality related to fewer resources for health promotion, prevention and maintenance
51
major causes of health disparities
inadequate access to care substandard quality of care resilience ( to overcome the issues that communities face against all odds) disenfranchisement (feel separated from society, invisible to society- poor, homeless, migrant workers) health and social planning is directed towards the middle class/private insurance does not focus on these individuals and disenfranchises them hopelessness (results from feeling powerless and social isolation) this can occur if not resilient and feels disenfranchised
52
predisposing factors to health disparirites
primary cause of vulnerability federal poverty line 2016 for four- 24,250 14.8% of US below poverty line in 2014 (persistent- poverty is passed down in generations, neighborhood- areas of high poverty, poor housing and education, crisis- situational from loss of job) uninsured/underinsured (medically indigent- cannot pay for medical care, unemployed but ineligible for government benefits, underinsured- high copays and deductibles, services may not be covered)
53
health equity
attainment of highest level of health for all people valuing everyone equally to avoid inequalities lack of cultural diversity amongst nursing staff (majority white) fairness
54
health equalitiy
sameness giving everyone the same thing, regardless of what their unique needs are
55
crisis poverty
situational, often short term
56
persistent poverty
chronic, long term
57
neighborhood poverty
community of poorness
58
teen pregnancy
much higher risk of medical complications nursing interventions- maternal/infant care, life skills, social support, sexuality and family planning participants in NEIP program have lower levels of substance abuse and preterm labor, and infants had fewer hospitalization days and higher immunization rates later in life
59
cisgender
individuals gender identify and expression match their sex assigned at birth

Public Health Exam 2 (2 decks)

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