Module 4

Question 1

Consumption

Answer 1

categories for comparing cross-cultural processes concerning dominate patterns of using things to satisfy demands

Question 2

Consumption budgets demands?

Answer 2

• Basic Needs

- Secondary Wants

Question 3

Modes of consumption

Answer 3

represents a continuum between ways of using things up, ranging from non-market minimalism to market consumerism

Question 4

Non-market minimalism

Answer 4

simple resource needs that help sustainable ecological and sustenance needs for satisfying basic needs with secondary wants evenly shared eg: foraging, pastoralism, horticulture

Question 5

Market Consumerism

Answer 5

• complex demands and insufficient means to fulfil them
• mainly produce to satisfy secondary wants/ non-sustainable
• eg: agriculture, industrialism

Question 6

Indirect Entitlement

Answer 6

• ways of gaining sustenance that depends on exchange in markets
• risky since depends on exchange with other people

Question 7

3 levels of entitlement

Answer 7

• Global
• National
• Households

Question 8

Global

Answer 8

some countries are more secure in global economy than other countries

Question 9

National

Answer 9

-during times of famine not all people are negatively affected and some members more secure than others

Question 10

Households

Answer 10

• not all members affected the same way

- eg: Bengal famine mainly affected girls of the family and they became orphans

Question 11

How are modes of consumption and modes of exchange related?

Answer 11

• transfer of food, goods, money or symbolic objects between people or institutions
• sharing, gift-giving, trade and market sale are forms of exchange
• balanced forms of exchange reaffirm social relationships eg: gift giving

Question 12

2 forms of exchange?

Answer 12

Balanced and Unbalanced

Question 13

Balanced exchange systems

Answer 13

• reciprocity is the equal giving and receiving of food, goods and services
• generalized and expected reciprocity

Question 14

Generalized Reciprocity

Answer 14

The giving of gifts of food and goods without expectation of return

Question 15

Expected Reciprocity

Answer 15

The giving of approximately equal valued food, goods or services with the expectation of return
- eg: the kulu ring, trobriand islanders

Question 16

Redistributed systems

Answer 16

• may be balanced or unbalanced
• involves one person collecting goods or money from members of a group and then later returning the pooled goods to everyone who contributed
• risks inequality as returned may not equal in value what is given
• eg: potlatch

Question 17

Unbalanced exchange systems

Answer 17

• transfer of goods from one person to another without equivalent return
• no relationship involved
• mainly agricultural and industrial modes of production
• market exchange, theft, gambling