Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

POPLHLTH 111 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

fundamentals of population/public health

A

Provide the maximum benefit for the largest number of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

need for priorities

A
  • Health resources are finite (limited)
  • Each prioritisation has an opportunity cost
  • Rationing involves ethical (what communities want/need) as well as evidence-based judgement
  • difficult to compare outcomes
    (can only compare mortality and hospitalisation rates but not all who are diseased (reduced QOL compared to those without) die and some are not able to access/afford hospital care and thus not counted)
  • Tension between: Individual (clinical services) vs population needs (population health services)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

reasons for GBD

A
  • Data (measures of calculating or identifying mortality and hospitalisation data) on the burden of disease (and injury) from many countries were incomplete/limited
  • Available data largely focused on deaths
    => little information on non-fatal outcomes (disability)
  • (Tension between) Lobby groups can give a distorted image of which problems are most important
  • Unless the same approach is used to estimate the burden of different conditions, it is difficult to decide which conditions are most important and which strategies may be the “best buys”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Lobby groups

A

form of advocacy with the intention of influencing decisions made by the government by individuals or more usually lobby groups
- whether a condition is prioritised or not often depended on power of the lobby groups to be able to lobby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

GBD reason simplified

A

needed a way to measure/have a comparable measure to look at health conditions across the board from a global context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

aims of GBD

A
  • To use a systematic approach to summarise the burden of diseases and injury at the population-level based on epidemiological principles and best available evidence
  • To aid in setting health service and health research priorities
  • To aid in identifying disadvantaged groups and targeting of health interventions
    To take account of deaths (not just counting the number but also when they happen) as well as non-fatal outcomes (i.e., disability) when estimating the burden of disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in countries where data is not available…

A

GBP project identifies a comparable country and then use computational methods to estimate the disease burden in those countries
=> trying to get a real global picture rather than just keeping them out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What GBD looks at

A
  • number of deaths but also WHEN a person dies in relation to life expectancy in a particular country
  • non-fatal outcomes (disabilities)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Disability adjusted life years (DALYs)

A

summary measure of population health that combines data on premature mortality (YLL) and non-fatal health outcomes (YLD) to represent the health of a particular population as a single number which can be used in comparisons between diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

DALYs enable comparisons between diseases to

A
  • prioritise health interventions
  • monitor health interventions
  • assess changes of disease burden over time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DALY =

A

YLD + YLL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

YLL

A

years of life lost
- Represents mortality by counting the years lost due to premature death caused by a disease
(Years lost due to dying before reaching the average life expectancy–ideal age–in a particular country)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

YLL =

A

no. deaths from disease in a year x years lost per death relative to an ‘ideal age’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

YLD

A

years lived with disability

- Represents morbidity by counting the years lived with the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

YLD datapoints

A
  • no. cases with non-fatal outcome (impairment) from disease
  • average duration of non-fatal outcome until recovery/death
  • disability weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

disability weight

A

scale between 0 (full health) and 1 (death)

- GDB Project has a huge team of medical experts that look at possible diseases/disabilities and give each a weight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DALY represents a lost healthy life year

A
  • year in perfect health = 0
  • year of life lost due to death = 1
  • year with disability = between 0 and 1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cause

A

reason for death/disability (health outcome)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

risk

A

reason for cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

income

A
  • based on world bank definition

- inequities from a global scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

group 1 conditions

A
  • communicable (infectious) diseases

- perinatal conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

communicable disease example

A

diarrhoea, TB, measles, HIV/AIDS, malaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

perinatal conditions example

A

problems in pregnancy, childbirth, early life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

group 2 conditions

A
  • non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

- chronic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

NCD example

A

heart disease, strokes, cancer, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

group 3 conditions

A

injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

global trends in causes of DALYs

A
  • decreasing perinatal and communicable diseases

- increasing non-communicable diseases (NCDs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

major gains of DALY approach in informing priority setting globally

A
  1. Drew attention to previously hidden burden of mental health problems and injuries as major public health problems
  2. Recognises Non-Communicable Diseases as a major and increasing problem in low- and middle-income countries (not just a rich country problem which is how it was previously thought)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

SES trends in causes of DALYs

A
  • high income: higher proportion of NCDs

- low income: higher proportion of perinatal and communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

challenges in using DALYs to quantify burden of disabilities

A
  • who should decide disability weights?
  • can disability weights be applied universally?
  • lack of consideration of environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

who decides disability weights

A

GBD uses expert panel: been a contentious issue due to the way they assign weights for different questions
but should the person living with the disability? Their parent or carer? Healthcare provider? Government providing support services? decide?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

application of disability weights

A

Disability weights are considered to be the same as the severity of an impairment relating to a disease/health condition, and do not vary with a person’s social position, where they live, their access to healthcare or any other life circumstance

  • Is it reasonable to apply one set of disability weights globally? Do all people with a particular level of ‘disability’ have similar opportunities to be part of society?
    (diff. Countries have diff. Govt. support services)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

consideration of environment

A

GBD does not consider social context

- How does the physical and social environment influence disability experiences?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Models of disability

A

1) medical model

2) social model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

medical model of disability

A
  • disabled person is the problem, not society
  • disabled people are defined by their illness/medical condition
  • Promotes the view of a disabled person as dependent and needing to be cured or cared for (and justifies the way in which disabled people have been systematically excluded from society)
  • Control resides firmly with professionals and choice limited to these
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

social model of disability

A
  • “Disability” is no longer seen as an individual problem but as a social issue caused by policies, practices, attitudes and/or the environment
  • focuses on ridding society of barriers, rather than relying on ‘curing’ people who have impairments.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

perspective of social model example

A

e.g person using a wheelchair who cannot access a building => disabled due to absence of ramp NOT their own impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

climate change => severe weather events =>

A
  • floods
  • infection
  • hurricanes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

indirect effects of climate change

A
  • spread of disease vectors
  • agriculture and food supply
  • migration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

actions against climate change

A
  • planetary diet
  • bikes for transport
  • better heating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

epidemiologic transition

A

Characteristic shift in common causes of death and disability from perinatal and communicable (infectious) diseases to non-communicable (chronic) diseases
- common causes of death: perinatal/communicable to NCDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

double burden of disease

A
  • experienced by middle income countries
  • due to previously common risks for perinatal and communicable diseases co-existing with increasing risks for non-communicable diseases
  • major challenges for health policy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

factors influencing risk burden

A

1) strength of causal association between the risk factor and health condition(s)
- e.g relative risk
2) commonness of exposure to risk in the population of interest
- e.g prevalence of risk factor in pop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

PAR (population attributable risk) using DALYs

A

The amount of “extra” disease or DALYs attributable to a particular risk factor in a particular population

  • If the association is causal, this is the amount of the disease burden that we could theoretically prevent if we removed that risk factor from the population.
  • DALYs enable comparisons between risk factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

risk transition

A

changes in risk factor profiles as countries shift from low- to higher income countries, where common risks for perinatal and communicable diseases are replaced by risks for non-communicable diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

NCD myth: affect mostly high-income countries

A

reality: >80% of NCDs in LMICs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

NCD myth: Affect mostly rich people

A

reality: Concentrated among poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

NCD myth: LMICs should control infectious diseases first

A

reality: “Double-burden” requires double-response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

NCD myth: Primarily affect old people

A

reality: Almost half in <70 years (30–69-year-olds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

NCD myth: Chronic diseases can’t be prevented

A

reality: Significant proportions of premature heart disease, strokes, cancer and diabetes can be prevented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

most affected pop. groups

A
  • pop. living in POVERTY

- those living in LMICs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

commercial sector (upstream determinant) drives NCD inequities by:

A

1) shaping preferences and changing social norms
2) actively exploiting difficulties with behaviour change when public health measures place greater emphasis on downstream strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

1) shaping preferences and changing social norms

A

Marketing to vulnerable targets

E.g Socioeconomically deprived, women, children (addiction more likely and earlier => lifelong customer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

2) actively exploiting difficulties with behaviour change when public health measures place greater emphasis on downstream strategies

A
  • Frame education as the most effective solution
  • Offer choice and pleasure
  • Emphasis on moderation
    => puts equity in public health at risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

commercial sector =>

A

promote unhealthy consumption among vulnerable groups
=> create uneven distribution of risks
=> unequal distribution of NCDs (deprived communities > wealthier communities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

density of outlets that promote unhealthy habits (e.g takeaways, liquor outlets, gaming machines

A

NOT randomly distributed

- purposely distributed so that there are more in most deprived areas as they bring in greater income

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

commercial sector is a…

A

structural driver of NCD inequalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

industrial epidemics

A

diseases arising from overconsumption of unhealthy commercial products
e.g tobacco, alcohol, processed food, sugar-sweetened beverages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

in order to address commercial determinants of NCDs/health inequities

A
  • Shift focus from individual behaviours to broader environment and upstream drivers of unhealthy product consumption
  • Tackle the broader determinants of health (i.e. upstream determinants)
  • Develop effective health policy recognising the tension between commercial and health objectives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

HIV/AIDS was associated with…

A

a lot of discrimination and stigma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

current knowledge of HIV/AIDS

A
  • several modes of transmission
  • cheap, reliable, specific screening tests
  • caused by virus
  • better treatment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

not available for HIV/AIDS

A
  • vaccine

- cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

AIDS related deaths are…

A

decreasing and people are living longer with HIV due to improved treatment and access to treatment/care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Globally, most people living with or at risk for HIV…

A

do not have access to HIV prevention, treatment and care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

high risk groups for unprotected sexual intercourse

A
  • homosexual men sex with HIV+ men
  • heterosexual relationships
  • sex workers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

high risk groups for sharing unsterilized needles

A
  • injecting drug users

- those receiving injections with unsterilised needles (generally in low-resource settings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

high risk groups for mother to child transmission

A

infants born to or breast fed by untreated HIV+ mothers

68
Q

high risk groups for blood-borne

A
  • anyone receiving un-screened blood products, organs (generally in countries with inadequate screening)
69
Q

primary prevention - child

A

treating HIV+ pregnant women with anti-retroviral drugs reduces mother-to-child transmission

70
Q

secondary prevention - mother

A

reduces disease progression in HIV+ mother to AIDS

71
Q

dominant mode of transmission HIV/AIDS

A

heterosexual transmission at global level

72
Q

HIV SEP trends

A

95% were in low and middle income countries

73
Q

HIV age and sex trends

A
  • majority are female and in Sub-Saharan Africa (60% of those in Africa are women too)
  • young people
74
Q

feminisation of HIV

A

observation that increasing proportions of new infections are among women primarily due to heterosexual transmission of the infection

75
Q

HIV and violence

A

violence = 3 fold increase

76
Q

women are more likely to:

A
  • face barriers in accessing HIV prevention, treatment and care services
  • face barriers to education
  • experience poverty
77
Q

HIV and gender inequity

A

driven by AND entrenches gender inequity leaving women more vulnerable to its impact

78
Q

upstream/social determinants of HIV infection

A
  • gender inequities
  • poverty and low social status
  • social norms, stigma and discrimination
79
Q

HIV gender inequities

A
  • Rules governing sexual relationships, negotiating condom use
  • Sexual abuse/violence
  • Problems with disclosure of HIV status. Partner notification and confidentiality (This can prevent getting necessary prevention options, testing for HIV and treatment)
  • Men prevent women from being tested for HIV as it means they’re also associated which they don’t want to face
80
Q

HIV poverty and low social status

A

consequent, limited access to education and reproductive health services

81
Q

HIV Social norms, stigma and discrimination

A

prevent access to prevention efforts and treatment

82
Q

HIV determinants =>

A

inequitable distribution of risks => … infection

83
Q

HIV human rights

A

women’s right to safe sexuality and to autonomy in decisions relating to sexuality: intimately related to economic independence
- need basic social and economic arrangement to not exchange sex for survival

84
Q

HIV prevention and control

A
  • safer sex
  • safer products and related practices
  • increase access to healthcare
85
Q

safer sex

A
  • Media campaigns and wider policy strategies to reduce stigma and discrimination
  • Educational approaches re risks: teachers, peers, workplaces, mass media campaigns
  • Condoms: promote use (social marketing campaigns), increase availability, reduce cost
86
Q

safer products

A
  • Screen blood products for HIV
  • Needle and syringe exchange programs for IV drug users
  • Protect against needle-stick injuries (health professionals)
87
Q

increase access to healthcare

A
  • Voluntary testing & counseling to reduce risk of sexual transmission
  • Treatment, care and support for HIV+ people
  • Treatment of sexually transmitted infections, and provision of family planning services
  • Antenatal screening and treatment for HIV to prevent Mother-To-Child-Transmission of HIV
88
Q

HIV control in NZ

A

need to encourage condom use to reduce risk of HIV transmission, and HIV testing to detect infection early.

89
Q

Injuries trend projection

A

projected to make an increasingly greater contribution to the GBD over the next decades

90
Q

males dying at young age of injury contribution

A

contributing many YLLs

91
Q

serious injuries contribution

A

contributing many YLDs

92
Q

risk factors of RTI

A
  • speed
  • alcohol
  • seatbelts and child restraints
  • helmets
  • visibility
93
Q

vulnerable road users

A
  • motorised 2-3 wheelers
  • pedestrians
  • cyclists
94
Q

most policies until recently…

A

were around safety of cars

- <33% protect vulnerable road users

95
Q

RTI and SES

A

demonstrate steep socio-economic differentials within and between rich and poor neighbourhoods and countries

96
Q

RTI and SES risk in LMIC and HIC

A

in both LMIC and HIC, disadvantage socioeconomic groups (those living poorer areas) are at greatest risk of being killed/injured in RTcrash

97
Q

RTI inequities age

A

children > adults

98
Q

RTI inequities sex

A

men > women

99
Q

RTI inequities road user

A

pedestrian > car occupants

100
Q

RTI inequities fatality

A

fatal > non-fatal crashes

101
Q

RTI upstream determinants - distribution of resources and opportunities

A
  • choice of transport
  • choice of residential area (hazardous environ)
  • along highways => conflict over space between road users and local pop
  • poor road design
  • less speed restrictions
  • no safe and accessible playgrounds
  • unaccompanied children
  • limited access to health services
102
Q

RTI upstream determinants - legal and policy framework

A
  • vulnerable road users less protected
  • poorly funded and regulated public transport
  • more poor road designs in poor neighbourhoods
103
Q

poor road design

A
  • less marked crossing
  • less traffic calming measures
  • less sidewalks
  • higher posted speeds
104
Q

RTI upstream determinants =>

A

disproportionally affect SE deprived groups => increased vulnerability to road traffic injury and mortality

105
Q

addressing RTI

A
  • inequity lens to help identify upstream determinants
  • environmental prevention strategies => major decreases in pedestrian mortality
  • social dimension: epidemiological approach beyond proximal causes
106
Q

RTI epidemiological approach

A
  • determine exposure within social context
  • determine what shapes risk for injury
  • examine relationship between injury and social status
107
Q

framework for road safety strategy - global framework (pillars)

A

1) road safety management (adherence/implementation of legal instruments)
2) safer roads and mobility (infrastructure)
3) safer vehicles
4) safer road users (behaviour)
5) post crash response (emergency/health systems for treatment/rehab)

108
Q

overarching recommendations - social determinants of health

A
  • improve daily living conditions
  • tackle inequitable distribution of power, money and resources
  • measure and understand the problem and assess impact of action
109
Q

RTI remaining challenges

A
  • increase political will
  • ensure accountability
  • strengthen data collection
  • build capacity in low resources countries
  • improve vehicle safety measures
110
Q

consequences of obesity

A
  • metabolic diseases
  • mechanical disorders
  • psychological problems
  • social consequences
111
Q

metabolic diseases

A

type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, almost all cancers, gallbladder disease

112
Q

mechanical disorder

A

arthritis, back pain, obstructive sleep apnoea, skin disorders

113
Q

psychological problems

A

low self esteem, reduced quality of life, depression

114
Q

social consequences

A

weight bias and discrimination, reduced life opportunities

115
Q

causes of obesity

A
  • genetic (indiv.)
  • metabolic (indiv.)
  • behavioural (indiv. but influenced by environ)
  • environmental (population)
116
Q

obesogenic environ

A

sum of influences that the surroundings, opportunities, or conditions of life have on promoting obesity in individuals or populations

117
Q 
environment type
(e.g food environments)
A
  • physical
  • economic
  • policy
  • socio-cultural
118
Q

environment size

A

micro and macro

119
Q

what influences food environments?

A
  • food industry
  • government
  • society
120
Q

how to food environ influence people

A

individual factors => food environ => diets

121
Q

explanation for escalating obesity pandemic

A
  • food system: food supply creating pop passive overconsumption
  • other changes: reduced occupational activity
  • underlying political and economic drivers
122
Q

food system is supplying…

A

hyper-palatable, heavily-promoted, readily-available, cheaply-priced, highly-profitable ultraprocessed foods

123
Q

economic environments

A
  • income

- income disparities

124
Q

physical environments

A
  • food

- physical activity

125
Q

socio-cultural environ

A

food, physical activity, body size

126
Q

policy environ

A

marketing regulations (how tightly?)

127
Q

obesity prevalence is driven…

A

up by global drivers but diff local environ determin trajectories of diff pop
- moderators attenuate or accentuate rise in obesity

128
Q

implementation of recommendations is…

A

very patchy

129
Q

policy inertia on implementing food policies

A
  • food industry opposition
  • government reluctance to regulate/tax
  • lack of sufficient public demand for policies
130
Q

food industry opposition

A
  • direct opposition

- self-regulatory pledges/codes

131
Q

government reluctance to regulate/tax

A
  • weak governance systems, conflicts of interest
  • belief in education approaches and market solutions
  • unwilling to battle food industry
132
Q

lack of sufficient public demand for policies

A
  • usually supportive of policy actions

- not translated into pressure for change

133
Q

heavy industry influence in NZ

A

big money behind harmful products => dirty PR operator => attack blogger => character assassination of public health advocates

134
Q

top obesity prevention policies for NZ

A
  • junk food marketing to children
  • tax on sugary drinks
  • health food policies in schools / early childhood settings
  • front of pack labelling
135
Q

investment in adolescent health brings a triple dividend

A
  • benefits for adolescents now
  • benefits for their future adult lives
  • benefits for their children
136
Q

people who experienced difficulties in accessing healthcare

A
  • Māori, Pasifika and Asian students
  • Students from more deprived neighbourhoods
  • Students living with disability or chronic health conditions
  • Students who were worried about drinking or had tried to cut down (concerned about drinking)
137
Q

inverse care law

A

availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need for it in the population served

138
Q

emotional wellbeing

A
  • most students have good

- declines especially among female

139
Q

symptoms of depression

A
  • most don’t have significant symptoms

- sharp increases in proportions of students

140
Q

symptoms of depression inequity

A
  • Significant ethnic disparity for rangatahi (young people)

* Gap is widening particularly for females

141
Q

Symptoms of Depression: Rainbow youth

A
  • Decline in wellbeing for Rainbow Young People

* High and increasing symptoms of depression since 2012

142
Q

Inequities in mental health: intersectional identities

A

Rainbow young people with disability/ chronic health conditions:
• High symptoms of depression
• Low wellbeing

143
Q

Self-reported Suicide Attempts (Past year)

A
  • Increase in suicide attempts - especially for males

* Highest in communities exposed to socioeconomic deprivation

144
Q

drivers of decline in mental health

A
  • aspects affecting early development (2000-2005)
  • contemporary 2012 current aspects
  • aspects affecting future
145
Q

aspects affecting early development

A

younger experience

  • overprotection and low resilience
  • snowflake hypothesis
146
Q

current aspects

A

increased use of social media, internet access, smart phones => poor mental health mediated by other factors including decreased exercise and risk taking

  • iGen hypothesis
  • increasing perfectionism, exceptionalism, indiv achievement
147
Q

aspects affecting future

A
  • less hopeful
    Impact of job insecurities, housing affordability, climate crisis, political polarisation
  • ‘Doomer’ hypothesis
148
Q

youth2000 survey limitations

A
  • recruitment bias
  • causal relationships
  • measurement bias
149
Q

youth2000 recruitment bias

A

young peep not at school - dropped out

at higher risk of:
• adverse health outcomes
• unmet health needs
• socio-economical disadvantage

fewer positive connections with supportive networks

150
Q

youth2000 causal relationships

A

cross-sectional => reverse causality

- bradford hill aspect of temporality unlikely to be fulfilled

151
Q

youth2000 measurement bias

A
  • can never be certain
  • anonymous and confidential => increase likelihood of honesty
  • self-reported info

=> still doesn’t eliminate likelihood of socially desirable answers

152
Q

strengths of collecting data using tech

A

• More likely to provide honest answers - Less measurement
bias
• More likely to complete the survey as they enjoyed the
experience and felt engaged - Better response rates

153
Q

limitations of collecting data using tech

A

• Students with some disabilities or language difficulties may
not complete the survey - Recruitment bias
• Can’t get back to youth whose responses may indicate they
are vulnerable or at risk (because the survey is anonymous)

154
Q

strength-based approaches promote…

A

sources of resilience and focus on strategies for positive youth development

155
Q

resilience

A

ability to spring back despite adversity

  • peep with various protective factors may be less vulnerable to harm despite risk exposure
  • presence of resiliency factors is associated with a reduction in health risk behaviours
156
Q

relationship between neighbourhood characteristics and student wellbeing

A
  • family connections
  • school connections
  • community connections
    high => better wellbeing
157
Q

Maori Health Is exemplified by systematic disparities in:

A
  • health outcomes
  • exposure to the determinants of health
  • health system responsiveness, and
  • representation in health workforce.
158
Q

Determinants of Ethnic Inequities in Health

A
  • Differential access to health determinants or exposures leading to differences in disease incidence
  • Differential access to health care
  • Differences in quality of care received
159
Q

Right to Health

A
  • Enshrined in International Law
  • Extends beyond health care to pre-conditions
  • Includes freedoms and entitlements
  • States obliged to: respect (e.g. no discrimination), protect (e.g. no interference from 3rd parties), fulfil (e.g. adopt measures to achieve equity)
  • Social epidemiology links health with social justice & thus links to good government
160
Q

Health inequities are evidence of …

A

laws, policies & practices that distribute resources & opportunities in a discriminatory manner & limit full participation.

161
Q

Health is acknowledged as…

A

political (power, social context & politics) and health policy decisions have a legal dimension rather than being purely political discretion

162
Q

right to health instruments

A
  1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
  2. International Covenant on Economic, Social & Cultural Rights (ICESCR)
  3. Other international rights conventions
  4. Indigenous Rights
  5. NZ legislation & policies
163
Q

Other international rights conventions

A

a. International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination
b. ‘Elimination of Discrimination’ Conventions

164
Q

Indigenous Rights

A

a. Te Tiriti o Waitangi

b. UN Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples

165
Q

NZ legislation & policies

A

a. Human Rights
b. NZ Public Health & Disability Act (NZPHDS)
c. Pae Ora Bill
d. Code of Health & Disability Service Consumer’s Rights (Patient Rights)

POPLHLTH 111 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions