module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the self?

A

conceptual system made up of thoughts & attitudes abt self, incl.

  • gender
  • physical appearance
  • possessions
  • values, beliefs, preferences
  • psychosocial characteristics
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2
Q

What is self-concept like in childhood?

A

sense of self: social construction based on observations & evaluations of others, esp. of caregivers

direct and indirect evaluations:
- indirect influences from how children are treated by others

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3
Q

What is self-concept like age 3-4?

A

understanding in terms of concrete, observable characteristics related to physical attributes, activities, abilities & psychological traits:

- unrealistically positive
- coincides w/ first autobiographical memories over time

refine in primary school, in part b/c increasingly engage in social comparison

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4
Q

What is self-concept like middle-late primary school?

A
  • begin to become integrated & more broadly encompassing
  • older children rely on objective performance
  • increasingly based on relationship w/ others:
    • esp. peers & others’ evaluations of them
    • making them vulnerable to low self-esteem
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5
Q

What is self-concept like early adolescence?

A
  • characterised by personal fable – form of egocentrism
  • preoccupied w/ what others think of them
  • imaginary audience: belief that everyone is focused on appearance & behaviour
  • abstract thinking emerges: conceive themselves in terms of abstract characteristics that encompass concrete traits & behaviours
  • develop multiple selves
  • sense of confusion
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6
Q

What is self-concept like middle adolescence?

A
  • begin to agonise over contradictions in behaviour & characteristics
  • lack cognitive skills needed to integrate contradictions into coherent conception of self
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7
Q

What is self-concept like late adolescence and early adulthood?

A
  • more integrated & less determined by what others think
  • reflect internalised values, beliefs & standards
  • adult support helps understand complexity of personalities
  • resolve inconsistencies in sense of self, establish single unified notion of who they are, centered around core values that drive consistent behaviour across contexts
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8
Q

What are factors that influence identity formation? (parent)

A

approach parents take w/ children:
- warmth & support: mature identity & less identity confusion

parental psychological control:
- explore in breadth & lower in making commitment to identity

identity formation influenced by larger social & historical context:
- women now likely to base identity on family & career

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9
Q

What are factors that influence identity formation?

A
  • individual’s own behaviour (e.g. drug use)
  • larger social context (e.g. SES)
  • historical context (e.g. equal rights movements, religious rules/expectations)
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10
Q

What are factors that influence identity formation? (family dynamics)

A
  • members influence one another directly & indirectly
  • examined developmentally b/c dynamics change as children reach different ages

adolescents & parents:

- argue over mundane matters
- feelings of closeness decline
- may arise from adolescents’ desire for autonomy & interest in activities outside home
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11
Q

What is socialisation?

A

acquiring values, standards, skills, behaviours & knowledge regarded as appropriate for present & future role in culture

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12
Q

What are the 3 primary ways parents socialise their children?

A
  1. as direct instructors: directly/intentionally teach child smth
  2. as indirect socialisers: influence child by how they act around them
  3. as social managers: choose how child’s time is spent
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13
Q

What are parenting styles?

A

parenting behaviours & attitudes that set emotional climate of parent-child interactions

2 important dimensions:

  1. parental warmth, support & acceptance vs. parental rejection & nonresponsiveness
  2. parental control & demandingness
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14
Q

What is authoritative parenting?

A

high in demandingness & supportiveness

  • set clear standards & limits and firm abt enforcing
  • allow considerable autonomy within limits
  • attentive & responsive to concerns & needs and respect & consider their perspective
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15
Q

What are the child characteristics of authoritative parenting?

A
  • competent
  • self-assured
  • popular
  • high in coping skills

childhood: low in antisocial behaviour

adolescence:

- high in social & academic competence and positive behaviour
- low in problem behaviour
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16
Q

What is authoritarian parenting?

A

high in demandingness & low in supportiveness

  • nonresponsive to children’s needs
  • enforce demands thru exercise of parental power and use of threats & punishment
  • oriented toward obedience & authority
  • expect children to comply w/o question or explanation
17
Q

What are the child characteristics of authoritarian parenting?

A

childhood & adolescence: low in social & academic competence

childhood: tend to be unhappy & unfriendly
- early childhood: boys affected more negative than girls

low in self confidence

18
Q

What is permissive parenting?

A

low in demandingness & high in supportiveness

parent characteristics:

  • highly responsive to children’s needs
  • low demanding
  • do not require children to regulate themselves or act in appropriate/mature ways
19
Q

What are the child characteristics of permissive parenting?

A
  • childhood: impulsive, lack self-control & low in school achievement
  • adolescence: engage in more school misconduct & drug use
20
Q

What is uninvolved parenting?

A

low in demandingness & low in supportiveness

parent characteristics:

  • do not set limits for/monitor children’s behaviour
  • not supportive & sometimes rejecting/neglectful
  • tend to focus on own needs rather than children’s
21
Q

What are the child characteristics of uninvolved parenting?

A
  • infants & toddlers: attachment problems
  • childhood: poor peer relationships

adolescence:

- antisocial behaviour
- poor self-regulation
- internalising problems
- substance abuse
- risky sexual behaviour
- low academic & social competence
  • depression, withdrawn
22
Q

How do children influence parenting?

A
  • physical appearance influences parental response:
    • unattractive infants may experience different parenting than attractive infants
  • genetic factors related to temperament:
    • children can learn to be noncompliant thru interactions w/ parents that reinforce negative behaviour
  • bidirectionality of parent-child interactions: parents affect children’s characteristics & vice versa (not tested):
    • over time, effect reinforces & perpetuates each party’s behaviour
23
Q

What are cliques and social networks?

A
  • similarities members share bind them together
  • cliques: friendship groups children voluntarily form/join themselves
  • w/ age, increase focus on individual relationships
  • adolescent girls tend to be more integrated into cliques
  • adolescent boys have greater diversity of friends
  • 7th grade: increase in cross-sex relationships
  • high school: cliques often include both sexes
24
Q

How does peer group composition change over childhood?

A
  • middle childhood: tend to include 3-9 children of same sex & race
  • age 11: many of children’s social interactions occur within clique
  • age 11-18: increase in number of adolescents tied to cliques & increase in stability of cliques
  • early & middle adolescence: high value on being in popular group & conforming to group’s norms
25
What are developmental changes in friendship? (20 & 24 months)
20 months: initiate more interactions w/ some children & contribute more when playing games w/ them 24 months: begin developing skills that allow greater complexity in social interactions - imitating peers’ social behaviours - engaging in cooperative problem solving - trading roles during play
26
What are developmental changes in friendship? (3-5 yrs)
3/4 yrs: - make & maintain friendships w/ peers & most have at least 1 friendship - preschool: begin to prefer playing w/ same-gender & continues thru middle childhood 5 yrs on: - friends communicate more often and cooperate & work more effectively - fight more, but more likely to negotiate way out of conflict
27
What are developmental changes in friendship? (6-9 yrs)
6-8 years: define friendship on basis of activites w/ peers & tend to define “best” friends as whom they play w/ all the time & share everything 9 years: - more sensitive to needs of others & inequalities in ways some groups of ppl are treated compared to other groups - friends: peers who take care of another’s physical & material needs, provide general assistance & help w/ school work, reduce loneliness & share feelings
28
What are developmental changes in friendship? (adolescence)
- friendship: source of intimacy, self-disclosure & honest feedback - friendships more exclusive, begin to focus on having few close friends
29
What is Erikson’s theory of identity formation?
- resolution of issues is chief developmental task in adolescence - identity achievement vs. identity confusion - successful resolution results in identity achievement - argue importance of psychosocial moratorium - only possible in some cultures & typically more privileged classes
30
What negative outcomes occur when a child does not reach identity achievement?
- adolescent/young adult either develops identity or experience one of several negative outcomes: 1. identity confusion 2. identity foreclosure 3. negative identity
31
What is identity achievement?
integration of various aspects of self into coherent whole that is stable over time & across events
32
What is identity confusion?
incomplete & sometimes incoherent sense of self, w/ resulting feelings of isolation & depression
33
What is identity foreclosure?
can arise if adolescents prematurely commit themselves to identity w/o adequately considering choices
34
What is negative identity?
identity that represents opposite of what is valued by ppl around adolescent
35
What is moratorium?
period in which individual explores occupational & ideological choices and has not yet made clear commitment to them
36
What is identity diffusion?
period in which individual does not have firm commitments regarding issues in question and is not making progress toward developing them