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PSYC 315 > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the self?

A

conceptual system made up of thoughts & attitudes abt self, incl.

  • gender
  • physical appearance
  • possessions
  • values, beliefs, preferences
  • psychosocial characteristics
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2
Q

What is self-concept like in childhood?

A

sense of self: social construction based on observations & evaluations of others, esp. of caregivers

direct and indirect evaluations:
- indirect influences from how children are treated by others

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3
Q

What is self-concept like age 3-4?

A

understanding in terms of concrete, observable characteristics related to physical attributes, activities, abilities & psychological traits:

- unrealistically positive
- coincides w/ first autobiographical memories over time

refine in primary school, in part b/c increasingly engage in social comparison

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4
Q

What is self-concept like middle-late primary school?

A
  • begin to become integrated & more broadly encompassing
  • older children rely on objective performance
  • increasingly based on relationship w/ others:
    • esp. peers & others’ evaluations of them
    • making them vulnerable to low self-esteem
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5
Q

What is self-concept like early adolescence?

A
  • characterised by personal fable – form of egocentrism
  • preoccupied w/ what others think of them
  • imaginary audience: belief that everyone is focused on appearance & behaviour
  • abstract thinking emerges: conceive themselves in terms of abstract characteristics that encompass concrete traits & behaviours
  • develop multiple selves
  • sense of confusion
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6
Q

What is self-concept like middle adolescence?

A
  • begin to agonise over contradictions in behaviour & characteristics
  • lack cognitive skills needed to integrate contradictions into coherent conception of self
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7
Q

What is self-concept like late adolescence and early adulthood?

A
  • more integrated & less determined by what others think
  • reflect internalised values, beliefs & standards
  • adult support helps understand complexity of personalities
  • resolve inconsistencies in sense of self, establish single unified notion of who they are, centered around core values that drive consistent behaviour across contexts
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8
Q

What are factors that influence identity formation? (parent)

A

approach parents take w/ children:
- warmth & support: mature identity & less identity confusion

parental psychological control:
- explore in breadth & lower in making commitment to identity

identity formation influenced by larger social & historical context:
- women now likely to base identity on family & career

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9
Q

What are factors that influence identity formation?

A
  • individual’s own behaviour (e.g. drug use)
  • larger social context (e.g. SES)
  • historical context (e.g. equal rights movements, religious rules/expectations)
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10
Q

What are factors that influence identity formation? (family dynamics)

A
  • members influence one another directly & indirectly
  • examined developmentally b/c dynamics change as children reach different ages

adolescents & parents:

- argue over mundane matters
- feelings of closeness decline
- may arise from adolescents’ desire for autonomy & interest in activities outside home
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11
Q

What is socialisation?

A

acquiring values, standards, skills, behaviours & knowledge regarded as appropriate for present & future role in culture

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12
Q

What are the 3 primary ways parents socialise their children?

A
  1. as direct instructors: directly/intentionally teach child smth
  2. as indirect socialisers: influence child by how they act around them
  3. as social managers: choose how child’s time is spent
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13
Q

What are parenting styles?

A

parenting behaviours & attitudes that set emotional climate of parent-child interactions

2 important dimensions:

  1. parental warmth, support & acceptance vs. parental rejection & nonresponsiveness
  2. parental control & demandingness
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14
Q

What is authoritative parenting?

A

high in demandingness & supportiveness

  • set clear standards & limits and firm abt enforcing
  • allow considerable autonomy within limits
  • attentive & responsive to concerns & needs and respect & consider their perspective
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15
Q

What are the child characteristics of authoritative parenting?

A
  • competent
  • self-assured
  • popular
  • high in coping skills

childhood: low in antisocial behaviour

adolescence:

- high in social & academic competence and positive behaviour
- low in problem behaviour
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16
Q

What is authoritarian parenting?

A

high in demandingness & low in supportiveness

  • nonresponsive to children’s needs
  • enforce demands thru exercise of parental power and use of threats & punishment
  • oriented toward obedience & authority
  • expect children to comply w/o question or explanation
17
Q

What are the child characteristics of authoritarian parenting?

A

childhood & adolescence: low in social & academic competence

childhood: tend to be unhappy & unfriendly
- early childhood: boys affected more negative than girls

low in self confidence

18
Q

What is permissive parenting?

A

low in demandingness & high in supportiveness

parent characteristics:

  • highly responsive to children’s needs
  • low demanding
  • do not require children to regulate themselves or act in appropriate/mature ways
19
Q

What are the child characteristics of permissive parenting?

A
  • childhood: impulsive, lack self-control & low in school achievement
  • adolescence: engage in more school misconduct & drug use
20
Q

What is uninvolved parenting?

A

low in demandingness & low in supportiveness

parent characteristics:

  • do not set limits for/monitor children’s behaviour
  • not supportive & sometimes rejecting/neglectful
  • tend to focus on own needs rather than children’s
21
Q

What are the child characteristics of uninvolved parenting?

A
  • infants & toddlers: attachment problems
  • childhood: poor peer relationships

adolescence:

- antisocial behaviour
- poor self-regulation
- internalising problems
- substance abuse
- risky sexual behaviour
- low academic & social competence
  • depression, withdrawn
22
Q

How do children influence parenting?

A
  • physical appearance influences parental response:
    • unattractive infants may experience different parenting than attractive infants
  • genetic factors related to temperament:
    • children can learn to be noncompliant thru interactions w/ parents that reinforce negative behaviour
  • bidirectionality of parent-child interactions: parents affect children’s characteristics & vice versa (not tested):
    • over time, effect reinforces & perpetuates each party’s behaviour
23
Q

What are cliques and social networks?

A
  • similarities members share bind them together
  • cliques: friendship groups children voluntarily form/join themselves
  • w/ age, increase focus on individual relationships
  • adolescent girls tend to be more integrated into cliques
  • adolescent boys have greater diversity of friends
  • 7th grade: increase in cross-sex relationships
  • high school: cliques often include both sexes
24
Q

How does peer group composition change over childhood?

A
  • middle childhood: tend to include 3-9 children of same sex & race
  • age 11: many of children’s social interactions occur within clique
  • age 11-18: increase in number of adolescents tied to cliques & increase in stability of cliques
  • early & middle adolescence: high value on being in popular group & conforming to group’s norms
25
Q

What are developmental changes in friendship? (20 & 24 months)

A

20 months: initiate more interactions w/ some children & contribute more when playing games w/ them

24 months: begin developing skills that allow greater complexity in social interactions

  • imitating peers’ social behaviours
  • engaging in cooperative problem solving
  • trading roles during play
26
Q

What are developmental changes in friendship? (3-5 yrs)

A

3/4 yrs:

  • make & maintain friendships w/ peers & most have at least 1 friendship
  • preschool: begin to prefer playing w/ same-gender & continues thru middle childhood

5 yrs on:

  • friends communicate more often and cooperate & work more effectively
  • fight more, but more likely to negotiate way out of conflict
27
Q

What are developmental changes in friendship? (6-9 yrs)

A

6-8 years: define friendship on basis of activites w/ peers & tend to define “best” friends as whom they play w/ all the time & share everything

9 years:

  • more sensitive to needs of others & inequalities in ways some groups of ppl are treated compared to other groups
  • friends: peers who take care of another’s physical & material needs, provide general assistance & help w/ school work, reduce loneliness & share feelings
28
Q

What are developmental changes in friendship? (adolescence)

A
  • friendship: source of intimacy, self-disclosure & honest feedback
  • friendships more exclusive, begin to focus on having few close friends
29
Q

What is Erikson’s theory of identity formation?

A
  • resolution of issues is chief developmental task in adolescence
  • identity achievement vs. identity confusion
  • successful resolution results in identity achievement
  • argue importance of psychosocial moratorium
  • only possible in some cultures & typically more privileged classes
30
Q

What negative outcomes occur when a child does not reach identity achievement?

A
  • adolescent/young adult either develops identity or experience one of several negative outcomes:
    1. identity confusion
    2. identity foreclosure
    3. negative identity
31
Q

What is identity achievement?

A

integration of various aspects of self into coherent whole that is stable over time & across events

32
Q

What is identity confusion?

A

incomplete & sometimes incoherent sense of self, w/ resulting feelings of isolation & depression

33
Q

What is identity foreclosure?

A

can arise if adolescents prematurely commit themselves to identity w/o adequately considering choices

34
Q

What is negative identity?

A

identity that represents opposite of what is valued by ppl around adolescent

35
Q

What is moratorium?

A

period in which individual explores occupational & ideological choices and has not yet made clear commitment to them

36
Q

What is identity diffusion?

A

period in which individual does not have firm commitments regarding issues in question and is not making progress toward developing them

PSYC 315 (10 decks)

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