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Patho I - Exam #2: Endocrine > Module 3B > Flashcards

Module 3B Flashcards

1
Q

What letters denote male chromosomes?

A
  • XY
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2
Q

What letters denote female chromosomes?

A
  • XX
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3
Q

How is male genitalia differentiated?

A
  • SRY antigen secreted by Y chromosome
  • T stimulates Wolffian Duct to develop
  • Sertoli cells of testes release MIH (Mullerian-inhibited factor)
  • prostate converts T to DHT
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4
Q

What do Wollfian Ducts develop into?

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicle
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5
Q

What is the function of MIH?

A
  • Mullerian-inhibited factor

- prevents Mullerian Duct from forming into genitalia

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6
Q

What is the function of DHT?

A
  • dihydrotestosterone

- stimulates development of scrotum, penis, & prostate

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7
Q

How is female genitalia differentiated?

A
  • No SRY antigen
  • no male hormones present
  • undifferentiated gonads naturally progress to ovaries
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8
Q

What are the primary male sex organs?

A
  • testes
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9
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A
  • production of spermatozoa

- production of T (testosterone)

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10
Q

What two hormones are required for spermatogenesis?

A
  • T

- FSH

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11
Q

What is the male steroid hormone?

A
  • testosterone (T)
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12
Q

Where is T synthesized?

A
  • Interstitial Cells of Leydig
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13
Q

What are the general effects of T?

A
  • anabolic

- androgenic

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14
Q

What are the anabolic effects of T?

A
  • stimulates GH secretion which leads to IGF-1 release
  • end of puberty, promotes closure of growth plates
  • stimulates protein synthesis in muscle
  • summary - T has direct and synergistic effects on growth*
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15
Q

What are the androgenic effects of T?

A
  • development and maintenance of male accessory sex organs
  • differentiation of male reproductive tract and brain
  • development of secondary sex characteristics
  • libido & potency
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16
Q

What happens to T with age?

A
  • decreases
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17
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A
  • seminiferous tubules
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18
Q

What happens to the sperm after they are synthesized?

A
  • stored in epididymis
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19
Q

Describe the hormonal regulation of T

A
  • GnRH stimulates FSH and LH from ant. pit.
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20
Q

What does FSH do in the hormonal regulation of T?

A
  • stimulates spermatogenesis in testes

- releases inhibin from testes

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21
Q

What is the function of inhibin?

A
  • inhibits FSH release from ant. pit.
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22
Q

What does LH do in the hormonal regulation of T?

A
  • stimulates synthesis & secretion of T from testes
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23
Q

What inhibits LH?

A
  • increased levels of T
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24
Q

What is the primary female sex organ?

A
  • ovaries
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25
Q

What is the function of the primary female sex organ?

A
  • oogenesis

- produces estrogens & progesterone

26
Q

What is the function of estrogen?

A
  • prepare for fertilization
  • development & maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
  • protective effects on bone metabolism
  • positive effect on CV
  • CNS influences
27
Q

What are the two cell types within a follicle?

A
  • theca cells

- granulosa

28
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A
  • estrogens
  • progesterone
  • inhibin
29
Q

In summary, what is the function of progesterones?

A
  • implantation
  • maturation
  • maintaining pregnancy
30
Q

Describe LH’s action during the menstrual cycle

A
  • weeks 1 & 2, LH is required to stimulate ovarian follicle to produce estrogen
  • surge at 14 d = LH stimulates ovulation
  • weeks 3 & 4 = LH stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone
31
Q

Describe FSH’s action during the menstrual cycle

A
  • week 1 & 2 FSH stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen production
32
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • follicular phase
  • ovulation
  • luteal phase
33
Q

When is the follicular phase?

A
  • days 1-14
34
Q

When is ovulation?

A
  • day 14
35
Q

When is the luteal phase?

A
  • days 14-28
36
Q

What happens in follicular phase?

A
  • endometrium thickens

- ~20 ovarian follicles mature but 1 becomes dominant and other apoptose

37
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A
  • surge of LH leads to ovulation

- uterus changes to allow sperm to enter

38
Q

What happens in the luteal phase?

A
  • follicle –> corups luteum
39
Q

What happens in the luteal phase if fertilization occurs?

A
  • corpus luteum produces hormones necessary for pregnancy
40
Q

What happens in the luteal phase if fertilization does not occur?

A
  • corpus luteum eventually degenerates

- ischemia of endometrium (menses)

41
Q

What are the stages of the follicular phase?

A
  • early
  • mid
  • late
42
Q

What happens during the early follicular phase?

A
  • GnRH stimulates release of LH & FSH from ant. pit
  • LH/FSH stimulate ovarian follicle growth & production of estrogens
  • estrogens released into the bloodstream
43
Q

What is the role of LH during the early follicular phase?

A
  • stimulates the production of androgens in the theca cells
44
Q

What is the role of FSH during the early follicular phase?

A
  • stimulates the production of aromatase in the granulosa cells
45
Q

What happens during the mid-follicular phase?

A
  • dominant follicle emerges and continues to produce estrogen
  • apoptosis of non-dominant follicles
46
Q

What happens during the late follicular phase?

A
  • estrogen levels increase dramatically & pos. feedback on release of LH
  • peak levels of estrogen stimulates surge of LH
47
Q

What stimulates ovum release from follicle aka ovulation?

A
  • surge in LH
48
Q

What happens during the luteal phase?

A
  • empty dominant follicle become corups luteum which secretes progesterone and estrogen
  • progesterone & estrogen now inhibit release of FSH/LH
49
Q

What happens during the luteal phase if fertilization does not occur?

A
  • corpus luteum secreteions progesterone/estrogen/inhibin which inhibit follicle development
  • slowly decreases release of progesterone/estrogen/inhibin hormones
  • decrease of progesterone/estrogen/inhibin levels constrict bloodflow & leads to menses
50
Q

What happens during the luteal phase if fertilization does occur?

A
  • corpus luteum will produce/maintain increased progesterone & estrogen levels
51
Q

What do progesterone and estrogen levels do during pregnancy?

A
  • stay elevated to support pregnancy and inhibit follicular development
52
Q

What stimulates corpus lutem to produce estrogen/progesterone during pregnancy?

A
  • hCG
53
Q

What takes over production of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy?

A
  • placenta
54
Q

Where is hCG produced and released?

A
  • syncytiotrophoblast
55
Q

What is the function of hCG?

A
  • human chorionic gonadotropin
  • maintains production of estrogens & progesterone in corpus luteum until placenta can take over
  • suppresses follicle maturation in maternal ovaries
56
Q

When is hCG measurable?

A
  • 6-8d after conception
57
Q

What does the placenta eventually produce?

A
  • progesteron
  • estrogen
  • CRH
  • hPL (human placental lactogens)
58
Q

What is the function of CRH from the placenta?

A
  • role in regulating birth

- increase or decrease can result in premature or delayed birth

59
Q

What is the function of hPL from the placenta?

A
  • physical growth

- lactation

60
Q

When does menopause start?

A
  • 45-55 y/o
61
Q

What happens during menopause?

A
  • ovarian tissue gradually ceases to respond to FSH & LH

- decreased levels of estrogen and progesterone

Patho I - Exam #2: Endocrine (4 decks)

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