Module 35 - Solving Problems and Making Decisions Flashcards
Insight
A sudden realization of a problem’s solution; is opposite to strategy-based solutions.
Fixation
In Cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective.
-An obstacle in problem-solving
Mental Set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way.
-A way that has already proved to be successful.
Confirmation Bias
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence that says otherwise.
-Culturally, we associate people who wear glasses with reading and intellectual pursuits.
-Atheists may see tragic events as a confirmation of their lack of faith.
Intuition
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
-Reading non-verbal communication cues to understand what people are saying between the lines.
-Personal safety and well-being.
Representativeness Heuristic
400 V.S 3.5 million in the United States.
Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent or match, particular prototypes that prevent us from acknowledging relevant information.
-Prototypes can have social consequences
-“Terrorist” prototype are an example of representativeness heuristic
English Professors V. Truck Drivers
Availability Heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume those events are common.
-Based on emotional cues, familiar facts, and vivid images that leave an easily recalled impression in our minds
-Plane crashes can make people afraid of flying
-Jaws - people were convinced that sharks are a danger to humanity and often prey on humans
Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
-Hasi’s assumption about their sense of direction
Belief Perseverance
Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed that has been discredited
Framing
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgements.
-“Gun Safety” over “Gun Control”
-“Carbon offset fee” over “Carbon tax”
-Intuition is recognition born from experience
-Intuition is usually adaptive, enabling quick reactions
-Intuition is huge
Algorithm
Methodical rule or procedure
Powers:
-Guarantees solution
Perils:
Requires time and efforts
Heuristic
Simple thinking shortcut, such as the availability heuristic, which estimate the probability on how easily events come to mind.
Powers:
-Lets us act quickly and efficiently
Perils:
-May not happen
-Subjects us to stereotypes
