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Biology Y12 > Module 3.1.1 - Exchange surfaces > Flashcards

Module 3.1.1 - Exchange surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

What size cells have a larger SA:V ratio?

A

Smaller cells

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2
Q

What size cells have a smaller SA:V ratio?

A

Larger cells

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3
Q

What have larger organisms developed a range of?

A

Different adaptations to increase the ratio at their exchange surfaces

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4
Q

How do you work out the SA of a sphere?

A

4πr^2

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5
Q

How do you work out the volume of a sphere?

A

4/3πr^3

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6
Q

What does the alveoli in the lungs increasing the SA:V ratio allow?

A

For more effective exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood capillaries

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7
Q

How many alveoli does an adult lung contain?

A

About 480 million which provides a SA of about 70m^2

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7
Q

What does the lateral extension on the root hair cell of a plant do?

A

Increases the SA of the cell which increases the rate of absorption of nutrients from the soil

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8
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x con c difference) ÷ thickness of membrane

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9
Q

What is the trachea surrounded by?

A

16-20 rings of hyaline cartilage which are c shaped

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10
Q

What does the cartilage surrounding the trachea do?

A

Supports it to help it from collapsing

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11
Q

Why is the cartilage surrounding the trachea c-shaped?

A

To allow the trachea to expand when breathing

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12
Q

What do ligaments connect together?

A

Rings around the trachea and a smooth muscle called trachealis muscle

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13
Q

What does the trachealis muscle do?

A

Bridges the gap of the cartilage ends

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14
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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15
Q

Where are goblet cells located?

A

In between CPCE

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16
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Release mucus to trap pathogens. Cilia then wafts the pathogens back up to the mouth where they are swallowed and killed by HCL acid in the stomach

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17
Q

What does the 4th thoracic vertebra do?

A

Branches into left and right main bronchi (primary bronchi)

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18
Q

How do the bronchi branch of into each section?

A

The primary bronchi enters the lungs at a point called the hilum and branch into secondary bronchi, which in turn branch into tertiary bronchi

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19
Q

What happens to the airways as the bronchi divides?

A

They get narrower

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20
Q

What does the tertiary bronchi do?

A

Divides into 4th, 5th and 6th order tertiary bronchi and once the airways become too narrow to be supported by cartilage, they become bronchioles

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21
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Formed when tertiary bronchi become too narrow to be supported by cartilage

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22
Q

What is the structure of bronchioles?

A

Their walls don’t have hyaline cartilage so rely on elastic fibres that are attached to surrounding lung tissues for support

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23
Q

What happens as bronchioles get smaller?

A

They divide into terminal bronchioles which finally divide into respiratory bronchioles and this marks the start of the respiratory zone where air is delivered to the alveoli for gas exchange

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24
Q

What is the respiratory zone?

A

Where air is delivered to the alveoli for gas exchange

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25
Q

What is the epithelium?

A

At the start of the bronchioles is simple ciliated columnar epithelium and changes to simple cuboidal epithelium as the size decreases

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26
Q

What is the average surface area of an alveoli?

A

70cm^2

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27
Q

What does the alveoli have?

A

A moist lining that gases will dissolve in, before moving across the membrane by simple diffusion

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28
Q

What does the surfactant do to the alveoli?

A

Keeps alveoli inflated and has a liquid inside of the alveoli

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29
Q

What is the structure of the epithelial cells lining the alveoli?

A

Thin and flattened (squamous), can fit closely together to form tissues

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30
Q

What is each lung enclosed within?

A

A pleural sac

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31
Q

What does the pleural sac contain?

A

Pleural fluid to allow the inner and outer walls to slide over each other during the act of breathing, with a little friction

32
Q

Following the phrenic nerve, what happens to the diaphagm?

A

It contracts and moves in the downwards direction

33
Q

Where is the intercostal muscle?

A

Between the ribs

33
Q

What is the external intercostal muscle responsible for?

A

Elevation of ribs and bending them more open by contracting

34
Q

What is the intercostal muscle responsible for?

A

Depression of the ribs and bending them inwards by relaxing

35
Q

Which intercostal muscle is used in inhalation?

A

External intercostal muscle which moves the ribcage up and out. This increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure

36
Q

Which intercostal muscle is used in exhalation?

A

Internal intercostal muscle which relax to move the ribcage down and in. This decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and increases the pressure.

37
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Pressure ∝ volume of a gas
(if the temp is kept constant within a closed system)

38
Q

What is the pressure like between the thoracic cavity and the atmosphere during inhalation?

A

The pressure inside the thoracic cavity needs to be lower than the atmospheric pressure outside the body

39
Q

What is creating between the atmosphere and the alveolus when inhaling?

A

A pressure gradient which generates a flow of air from a higher pressure in the atmosphere and into the gas exchange system through the nose or mouth

40
Q

How does air enter the lungs?

A

It flows along the trachea, the bronchi and the bronchioles before reaching the alveoli for gas exchange

41
Q

What interaction happens between the internal and external intercostal muscles during inhalation?

A

Antagonistic interaction.
When one is contracting (agonist), the antagonist muscle is doing the opposite/relaxing
External - agonist
Internal - antagonist

42
Q

What affects gaseous exchange?

A

Level of activity
Size of organism

43
Q

What can you use to measure lung capacity?

A
  • peak flow meter
  • spirometer
  • vitalographs
44
Q

What is a peak flow meter?

A

Small, hand-held device that measures how quickly you can blow air out of your lungs, blow as hard and fast as you can into it, asthmatic people use it often to anticipate an attack

45
Q

What is a spirometer?

A

Static lower half of tank is full of water, mobile upper half is full of oxygen, breath out into tank and upper half will rise, breath in from tank and upper half will fall, trace maker is attached to upper half to record results

46
Q

How do u measure ventilation rate?

A

Tidal volume X breathing rate (per minute)

47
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each resting breath

48
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Volume of air that can be exhaled when the deepest possible intake of breath is followed by the strongest possible exhalation

49
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Max volume of air you can breath in over and above a normal inhalation

50
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Extra amount of air you can force out of your lungs over and above the normal tidal volume or air you breathe out

51
Q

What is residual volume?

A

Volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible, can’t be measured directly

52
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Sum of vital capacity and residual volume

53
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

Number of breaths taken per minute

54
Q

What is ventilation rate?

A

Total volume of air inhales in one minute

55
Q

What type of system do fish have?

A

Single circulatory system/ closed

56
Q

What covers the 5 pairs of gills in a fish?

A

Operculum - bony plate

57
Q

Where is deoxygenated blood pumped towards by the heart?

A

Towards the 5 pairs of gills covered by the operculum

58
Q

What flows through the gill arch in a fish?

A

Blood

59
Q

What parts does the gill arch have attached?

A

Primary lamellae which is very thin and folded into secondary lamellae

60
Q

Why is the secondary lamellae folded?

A

Increases surface area for gas exchange between capillaries in lamellae and the water

61
Q

What does counter current mean?

A

Fluids flow in opposite directions to each other

62
Q

How can diffusion happen in gills?

A

Because of the counter current, all gills are used as higher conc of oxygen in water than in the capillaries in the lamellae to maximise the absorption of oxygen

63
Q

Where is the buccal cavity in fish?

A

The mouth

64
Q

What is the operculum cavity?

A

Space under the operculum

65
Q

What is the buccal-operculum pump?

A

Changes in the volume of the buccal and operculum cavity create the pump which keeps oxygenated water flowing over the gills

66
Q

What is the process of water entering the buccal cavity and then leaving the gills?

A

The floor of the mouth moves downwards, increasing the volume of the buccal cavity and this draws water into the mouth. The mouth closes and the floor raises which pushes water towards the gills. The movement of the operculum outwards decreases the pressure in the opercular cavity, and the oxygenated water flows with the pressure gradient through the gills.

67
Q

What type of system do insects have?

A

Open circulatory

68
Q

What does an open circulatory mean?

A

Haemolymph (blood and tissue fluid) bathes organs in the body

69
Q

What is a spiracle?

A

A respiratory opening in the exoskeleton of the thorax and the abdomen of an insect

70
Q

How does air enter the insect?

A

Though pores that are found in each segment and known as spiracles

71
Q

What happens to the trachea in insects?

A

Given support by a polysaccharide called chitin

72
Q

How do you get from the spiracle to the tracheal fluid?

A

Spiracle - trachea - tracheoles - tracheal fluid

73
Q

What does the trachea divide into?

A

Trachea divides into smaller tubes called tracheoles and the end of these tubes are open and filled with tracheal fluid

74
Q

What happens when an insect is active?

A

Tracheal fluid moves out of tracheoles, exposing more surface area for diffusion.

75
Q

What does gas exchange occur between?

A

Between the air that’s in the tracheole and the respiring cells

76
Q

How does the tracheal system stay ventilated?

A

Tracheoles found surrounding the flight muscles are flexible and act like air sacs. The are squeezed when the muscles contract and expand when muscles relax. The repetitive expansion and contraction of these sacs ventilate the tracheal system.

Biology Y12 (11 decks)

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