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Biology Y12 > Module 2.1.1 - basic components of living systems > Flashcards

Module 2.1.1 - basic components of living systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What is resolution?

A

The smallest distance between two points that can still be seen as two points.

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2
Q

Name the 6 parts on a microscope

A
  • objective lens
  • eyepiece lens
  • stage
  • light source
  • coarse focusing wheel
  • fine focusing wheel
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3
Q

What does the coarse focusing wheel do?

A

Moves the stage up and down

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4
Q

What does the fine focusing wheel do?

A

Changes how clear the object is

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5
Q

What does stain do?

A

Increases contrast as different cellular components take up stain to different degrees
Components become more visible and easier to identify

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6
Q

What is a dry mount slide?

A

Viewing solid specimens with no water under a microscope
Living tissue e.g. hair, pollen, dust, insect parts

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7
Q

What is a wet mount slide?

A

Viewing specimens in liquid under a microscope, cover slip is added at an angle
Allows aquatic organisms to be viewed

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8
Q

What is a squash slide?

A

Wet mount is first prepared, pressure is applied to squash the sample to make it think enough for light to pass through
E.g observing mitosis in root meristems

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9
Q

What is a smear slide?

A

The edge of a slide is used to smear a sample creating a thin, even coat on another slide
Cover slip is added
E.g. observing cells within blood

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10
Q

What does staining a slide do?

A

Increased contrast as different cellular components take up stains to different degrees.
Components become more visible and easier to identify.

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11
Q

What are +ve charged stains attracted to?

A

-ve materials in cellular cytoplasm, staining the components.

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12
Q

what do -ve charged stains do?

A

repelled by -ve cytosol, dye stays outside of cells so they stand out against background.

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13
Q

What is differential staining?

A

used to distinguish between 2 types of organisms that would be hard to identify.

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14
Q

Gram positive

A

thick peptidoglycan layer that absorbs surroundings, even toxins.

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15
Q

Gram negative

A

thinner cell walls so lose the stain, therefore stained with safranin dye to make them appear red.

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16
Q

What does the Acid fast technique do?

A

distinguishes between mycobacterium and other bacteria.

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17
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

they use beams of electrons which have shorter wavelengths than light , resulting in a higher resolution.

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18
Q

What do you do to get from metre - millimetre - micrometre - nanometre - picometre?

A

Times by 1000

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19
Q

What do you do to get from picometre - nanometre - micrometre - millimetre - metre?

A

Divide by 1000

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20
Q

Give the advantages and disadvantages of electron microscopes

A

+ x500,000 magnification
+ cell ultrastructure visible
- very expensive
- specimens can be damaged by electron beams
- complex preparation can leas to artefacts

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21
Q

Name the 3 types of electron microscopes

A

Light, TEM, SEM

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22
Q

What is a TEM magnification?

A

x1,000,000

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23
Q

What is SEM magnification?

A

x150,000

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24
Q

What is a light microscopes magnification?

A

x2000

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25
Q

What is TEM resolution?

A

0.5nm

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26
Q

What is SEM resolution?

A

3-10nm

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27
Q

What is a light microscopes resolution?

A

200nm

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28
Q

Which microscope can see in 3D?

A

SEM

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28
Q

Which microscope can see in colour?

A

Light microscope

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29
Q

What does LSC stand for?

A

Laser scanning confocal microscope

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30
Q

What type of sample can each microscope view?

A

Light - living and dead
SEM - dead
TEM - dead

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31
Q

Why is a light microscope easier to use?

A

Requires less training, easy preparation

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32
Q

Why are SEM and TEM hard to use?

A

They are large, need to be installed, require training to use, complex preparation

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33
Q

What can LSC microscopes be used for?

A

Diagnose eye diseases and develop new drugs

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34
Q

What microscope has a beam of electrons transmitted through the specimen?

A

Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

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35
Q

What microscope has a beam of electrons sent across the surface of the specimen?

A

Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)

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36
Q

What covers the surface of every cell and surrounds most organelles?

A

Membrane

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37
Q

What do membranes do?

A
  • allow selected molecules to move in and out of cell
  • allows cell to change shape
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38
Q

What does the nucleus consist of?

A

genetic material, chromatin, bound in a nuclear membrane

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39
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA and histone proteins

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40
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosome synthesis and ribosomal RNA

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41
Q

What do nuclear pores do?

A

Allow mRNA in and out

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42
Q

What is transcribed in the nucleus?

A

Ribosomal RNA

43
Q

What attaches to the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Most ribosomes where they translate mRNA into proteins

44
Q

What is the Cisternae?

A

Flattened sacs of the ER that transport the translated mRNA proteins

45
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Has no ribosomes but is involved in the transport of proteins, production and storage of carbohydrates, lipids and other molecules

46
Q

How are vesicles form?

A

The membrane of the ER continually buds off

47
Q

Where are proteins/other molecules formed on the ER transported to?

A

Golgi apparatus

48
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Modifies molecules and packages them for specific destinations in or out of the cell

49
Q

What are some Golgi vesicles?

A

Lysosomes, containing enzymes that break down old organelles or infectious bacteria
Others transport proteins to elsewhere in the cell or eject them by exocytosis

50
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

energy generating organelles

51
Q

How is the cristae formed on mitochondria?

A

Out of the 2 surrounding membranes, the inner layer folds inwards to form the cristae

52
Q

What does the cristae project into?

A

The matrix

53
Q

What is the inner membrane of mitochondria coated in?

A

Enzymes which catalyze the reactions of aerobic respiration to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

54
Q

How is ATP produced?

A

The enzymes on the inner membrane of mitochondria catalyze the reactions of aerobic respiration

55
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Main component of a cells cytoskeleton

56
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Connect the cell’s organelles to each other to keep them in place, can also alter their length to affect the shape of the cell or cause it to move

57
Q

What do the centrioles do?

A

Coordinate the nucleation and growth of microtubules in all eukaryotes accept the higher plants

58
Q

Give an example of a microtubule organizing center (MTOC)

A

Centriole

58
Q

What is the secondary element of the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of very fine actin filaments

58
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

Sticks out from the cell’s surface and is surrounded by the plasma membrane

58
Q

What does cilia do?

A

Beat to power cell movement or to move fluid across the cell’s surface

58
Q

What is cilia?

A

short hair-like outgrowths on the surface of a cell

58
Q

What do flagellum contain?

A

2 microtubules in the center and 9 pairs around the edge

58
Q

What do microtubules do?

A

Contract to move the flagellum

58
Q

Where do plant cells gain all energy from?

A

Sunlight as cells in their leaves contain many chloroplasts

58
Q

What is a prokaryotic flagellum made of?

A

Protein flagellin, arranged in a helix

58
Q

What is the cell wall of a plant made of?

A

Polysaccharide cellulose and can function as a carbohydrate store by varying the amount of cellulose it holds

58
Q

What are the pores in the cell walls of plant cells called?

A

Plasmodesmata that connects 2 cells together by their cytoplasm

58
Q

How does the cell wall help a cell?

A

Gives support and structure

59
Q

By the Plasmodesmata connecting 2 cells together by their cytoplasm’s do?

A

Enables the exchange and transport of substances

60
Q

What do chloroplasts use to build sugars?

A

CO2, H2O and light energy

61
Q

What type of membrane do chloroplasts have?

A

A double membrane

62
Q

What is the double membrane of a chloroplast filled with?

A

A liquid called the Stroma and contains sacs of Thylakoid membranes called Grana

63
Q

What are Thylakoid membranes the site for?

A

Photosynthesis

64
Q

What type of vacuoles do plants have?

A

Permanent vacuoles

65
Q

What type of vacuole do animal cells have?

A

Temporary vacuole

66
Q

What do vacuoles consist of?

A

A membrane called tonoplast, filled with cell sap, a watery solution of different substances, including sugars, enzymes and pigments

67
Q

What is the cell said to be when the vacuole is full of sap?

A

Turgid

67
Q

How does the vacuole help the cell?

A

Keeps it firm by pushing everything else to the edge of the cell

68
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

Partially permeable of the vacuole

69
Q

What is a amyloplast?

A

Double membrane bound sac containing starch granules

70
Q

What domains can prokaryotic cells be divided into?

A

Bacteria
Archaea

71
Q

In what cell is DNA suspended freely in the cytoplasm?

A

Prokaryotic cell

72
Q

How big are bacteria cells?

A

1.5 micrometers

72
Q

How many membranes does bacteria have?

A

1

72
Q

What do bacteria contain?

A

Cell wall
DNA in cytoplasm
Chromosomes
Some have flagella
Ribosomes

73
Q

What size are bacteria’s ribosomes?

A

Small

74
Q

What shape are nucleoides?

A

Irregular shaped region and contains all/most the genetic material

75
Q

What doe nucleiods control?

A

The cell, including reproduction

76
Q

Where does ATP production take place?

A

Mesosomes

77
Q

Where does transcription and replication take place?

A

Nucleoid

78
Q

What are most pathogenic bacteria surrounded by?

A

A mucous-like protective layer called a capsule

79
Q

What is a capsule usually composed of?

A

Polysaccharides and also contains water to protect against desiccation/ drying out

80
Q

What does the bacterial capsule do?

A

Protects bacteria from viruses or attacks from a host organism’s immune system

81
Q

What are flagella?

A

Long helical tubes extending out of the end of the cell wall, which rotates to provide locomotion

82
Q

What are flagella powered by?

A

Protein motors

83
Q

How far can flagella propel bacteria?

A

At a rate of more than 50 lengths per second

84
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

The transfer of genetic material from 1 bacterium to another

85
Q

What are pili?

A

Hollow protein structures used during bacterial conjugation

86
Q

How are the microtubules arranged at the length of flagellum or cilium?

A

9 + 2 pattern

87
Q

How are the microtubules arranged at the base of flagellum or cilium?

A

Have a different arrangement

88
Q

How do microtubules help the flagella move?

A

The microtubules slide past each other, causing the flagella to bend and straighten

89
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small continuous loops of DNA

90
Q

Why are plasmids commonly used in genetic engineering?

A

To make copies of genes or large quantities to proteins or hormones

91
Q

By plasmids being replicated independently of a bacterium’s chromosomal DNA, what may occur?

A

An advantage to the replica, such as antibiotic resistance

Biology Y12 (11 decks)

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