Module 3.1.1: Causal Factors and Viewpoints Introduction Flashcards
Correlation
when variable (X) is associated with an outcome of interest (Y)
If negative self-worth is correlated with depression, can we infer that negative self-worth causes depression?
No, just knowing that two things are correlated DOES NOT tell you if one caused the other
Risk Factor
a factor or characteristic associated with an increased risk of developing condition Y
When can we infer that the variable X is a risk factor to disorder Y?
If X is shown to precede Y then we can infer that X is a risk factor
Example: Physical abuse during childhood (X) precedes the development of depression (Y); therefore, physical abuse in childhood could be a RISK FACTOR
Questions to ask to conclude about risk factors
- Does X precede Y?
- Can X be changed?
- Does changing X change Y?
Variable Risk Factor
if X can be changed, it is called a variable risk factor; changeable by intervention
Fixed Marker
if X cannot be changed, it is called a fixed marker; unchangeable by intervention
Example: The presence of physical abuse in childhood can no longer be changed; therefore, it is a fixed marker in this case.
Variable Marker
if changing X does not lead to a change in Y, it is considered as a variable marker of Y; unchangeable by intervention
Causal Risk Factor
if changing X leads to a change in Y, X is called a causal risk factor for Y; changeable by intervention