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RxTechExam > Module 3 Video > Flashcards

Module 3 Video Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology (definition)

A

how drugs interact with the body- side effects, contraindications, effectiveness

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics (definition)

A

how drugs move through the body- ADME

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3
Q

Pharmaceutics (definition)

A

how drugs are created- tablet, capsule, suppository

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4
Q

What does ADME stand for?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

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5
Q

What does Absorption refer to? (ADME)

A

The process by which drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream in order for them to produce an effect, especially in the GI tract

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6
Q

What does Distribution refer to? (ADME)

A

the process by which drugs are taken to their site of action

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7
Q

Distribution primarily takes place in the ____

A

bloodstream

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8
Q

3 factors that may affect distribution:

A

Drug’s solubility, size and protein binding

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9
Q

What does the M in ADME stand for?

A

Metabolism

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10
Q

What does Metabolism refer to? (ADME)

A

the process by which drugs are changed by enzymes in order to become active, inactive, or for elimination

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11
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Complex proteins that speed up or slow down chemical reactions

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12
Q

Metabolism is primarily done by the ____

A

liver

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13
Q

What is a Metabolite?

A

the substance resulting from the body’s transformation of an administered drug

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14
Q

What does Excretion refer to? (ADME)

A

The process by which drugs are removed from the body

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15
Q

How can drugs be removed from the body? (naturally)

A

Renally in urine, or in stool

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16
Q

What does equivalence mean? (what is an equivalent medication)

A

a situation where a medication may not be available so an alternative must be chosen/ used

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17
Q

What are the three common types of equivalents?

A

Therapeutic equivalent, Pharmaceutical equivalent, Pharmaceutical alternative

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18
Q

What is a therapeutic equivalent?

A

when two medications contain the same active ingredient as well as the same pharmacokinetic principles as the reference drug

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19
Q

What is a pharmaceutical equivalent?

A

medications that contain the same active ingredient, however may differ in inactive ingredients or their release properties

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20
Q

Are pharmaceutical equivalents freely interchangeable?

A

NO!- it will change how the medication affects the patient

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21
Q

What is a Pharmaceutical alternative?

A

Medications that may have the same main active ingredient, but could vary in its salt form or other characteristic

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22
Q

Are pharmaceutical alternatives freely interchangeable?

A

NO! The effects of the medications are not the same

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23
Q

What is an active ingredient?

A

Ingredients that exhibit a therapeutic effect

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24
Q

What is an inactive ingredient?

A

An ingredient holding little to no therapeutic value

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25
Q

Advantages of solid dosage forms-

A

Precise dosing, convenience, easy packaging, storing and dispensing

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26
Q

Explain what a tablet is (dosage form)

A

Powdered active and inactive ingredients compressed into a small solid form

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27
Q

What is “immediate release”

A

Available for the body to absorb as soon as the patient takes the medication

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28
Q

What is “extended release”

A

Modified to only release some of the medication over a long period of time

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29
Q

What is enteric coating?

A

A coating that prevents the drug from breaking down in the stomach, waiting until it gets to the small intestines

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30
Q

Can you cut ER or enteric coated medications?

A

No, unless manufacturer explicitly says you can do so

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31
Q

Can you crush ER or enteric coated medications?

A

No, unless manufacturer explicitly says you can do so

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32
Q

What is a capsule?

A

A medication in which the active ingredient is enveloped in a hard or soft gelatin shell

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33
Q

How do you use sprinkles?

A

You’re meant to sprinkle them on food

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34
Q

What is another word for Lozenge?

A

Troches

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35
Q

What is a lozenge?

A

Hard, sugary, candy-like dosage form

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36
Q

What is a powder?

A

Ground combination of drug and inactive ingredient (often to be mixed with liquid and consumed)

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37
Q

What are some examples of semi-solid dosage forms?

A

Ointments, creams, lotions, gels, pastes, suppositories

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38
Q

Semi-solid dosage forms are typically meant to be ingested (T or F)

A

False, they are typically to be used topically

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39
Q

What is an ointment?

A

A topical dosage form that consists of a small amount of water in a large, oily base

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40
Q

What is a cream made of?

A

A small amount of oil in a water base

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41
Q

Are creams heavier/thicker than ointments?

A

No, they are lighter than ointments and can be easily rubbed into the skin

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42
Q

What is a cream?

A

A topical dosage form consisting of a small amount of oil in a water base

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43
Q

Creams can be used for rectal use (T or F)

A

True

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44
Q

Which are thinner- creams or lotions?

A

Lotions are thinner

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45
Q

Order the semi-solid dosage forms in order from thinnest to thickest

A

Lotions, creams, ointments/ gels/ pastes (tied)

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46
Q

Do liquid dosage forms have quicker or slower absorption than solid dosage forms?

A

Liquid dosage forms have quicker absorption

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47
Q

Is it easy to adjust doses of liquid medications?

A

Yes

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48
Q

What is a solution?

A

An evenly distributed mixture of dissolved medications, or solutes in a liquid base, or solvent

Remember- solvent- “disSOLVED IN”
Like Kool-Aid

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49
Q

Aqueous solutions vs Alcoholic solutions

A

Aqueous is water, Alcoholic is with Alcohol

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50
Q

What is a hydroalcoholic solution?

A

A mix of alcohol and water

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51
Q

What is aromatic water?

A

Water and oil (or other volatile substance)

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52
Q

What is an Elixir?

A

A dissolved medication in water and ethanol

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53
Q

What is a syrup?

A

A sugar based solution

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54
Q

What is an extract?

A

A powder derived from animal or plant after solvent is evaporated

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55
Q

What is a Tincture?

A

An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic liquid that contains plant extract

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56
Q

What is a spirit?

A

An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic liquid with volatile, aromatic ingredients

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57
Q

What is an irrigating solution?

A

A liquid used for cleansing the body

58
Q

What is a parenteral solution?

A

A sterile liquid with intention of being administered by injection

59
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A liquid in which the drug DOES NOT dissolve in the base, leaving small solid particles floating in the liquid base

These medications may need to be reconstituted (mixed with water) before dispensing

ALWAYS SHAKE SUSPENSIONS WELL

60
Q

What auxiliary label do water suspensions need?

A

“Shake well”

61
Q

What is depo therapy/ depot injections?

A

A type of medication injected into the muscle that slowly releases the medication over time (can be a suspension)

62
Q

What is an Enema?

A

A liquid medication used to deliver medication rectally in order to bypass the GI tract

63
Q

What is an aerosol?

A

A medication that is given as a very fine liquid or solid spray in a gas propellant

64
Q

What is a spray?

A

A medication contained in a pump-type dispenser that when pushed dispenses a fine release of liquid, solid or gas particles

Can be a variety of bases, including alcohol or water

65
Q

Aerosol vs Spray

A

Aerosol is better for lower respiratory, spray is better for upper respiratory, such as a sore throat

66
Q

What is a transdermal patch?

A

(trans- to go through/change, dermal- skin)
Medication that is housed in a “reservoir” and slowly allowed to be released from the patch to the skin

67
Q

Transdermal patches eliminate the need for frequent dosing (T or F)

A

True

68
Q

What is a route of administration?

A

The way in which a medication will be taken

69
Q

What are some common routes of administration?

A

Oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, vaginal, ocular, otic, nasal, inhalation, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intrathecal

70
Q

What is the oral route of administration?

A

Medications that are to be taken by mouth

71
Q

What is the first pass effect?

A

Before drugs are transported to their site of action they pass through the wall of the intestines and are transported through the liver to the bloodstream

Some drugs are completely metabolized in the liver before they can reach the bloodstream

72
Q

What is the sublingual route of administration?

A

Medications placed under the tongue

73
Q

What is the buccal route of administration?

A

Medications placed between the cheek and gums

74
Q

What is the rectal route of administration?

A

Medications inserted into the rectum

75
Q

What is the vaginal route of administration?

A

Medications inserted into the vagina

76
Q

What is ocular route of administration?

A

Medications to be placed in the eye

77
Q

What is the otic route of administration?

A

Medications to be placed in the ear

78
Q

What is the nasal route of administration?

A

Medications to be inhaled through the nose

79
Q

What is the inhalation route of administration?

A

Medications to be inhaled into the lungs

80
Q

Does the inhalation route of administration avoid the first pass effect?

A

Yes

81
Q

What is the topical route of administration?

A

Medications that are applied externally (typically to the skin)

82
Q

What does the abbreviation AAA stand for?

A

Apply to Affected Area

83
Q

Does the topical route of administration have a fast or slow onset of action?

A

Slow

84
Q

What is the transdermal route of administration?

A

Medications that are to be diffused THROUGH the skin (typically patches)

85
Q

Does the transdermal route of administration avoid the first pass effect?

A

Yes

86
Q

What is the intramuscular route of administration?

A

Medications to be injected into the muscle

87
Q

What is the subcutaneous route of administration?

A

Medications which are injected under the skin

88
Q

What are some common abbreviations for subcutaneous medications?

A

SC, SubQ, or SQ

89
Q

What is the intravenous route of administration?

A

Medications directly injected into the veins

90
Q

Why do IV medications have the quickest onset of action?

A

They go straight into the bloodstream

91
Q

What is the intrathecal route of administration?

A

Medications injected around the spinal cord into the spinal canal

92
Q

What are “side effects”?

A

Unintended effects of a medication

93
Q

What is a common oral medication side effect?

A

GI discomfort

94
Q

What is a common topical/ transdermal medication side effect?

A

Skin irritation

95
Q

What is a common side effect of injectable medications?

A

Injection site pain

96
Q

What are the important 3 NSAID adverse (side) effects?

A

Ulcers/Stomach Bleeding- they disrupt the production of the fluid that protects the stomach from acid

Serious Kidney Damage

Increased risk of having a blood clot

97
Q

What are some more common side effects of NSAIDs?

A

Heartburn, gas, stomach pain, constipation, diarrhea

98
Q

What is one of the main serious adverse effects of depressants/sedatives? (when overtaken)

A

Respiratory depression (slowed breathing)

99
Q

What are more common side effects of depressants/ sedatives?

A

Forgetfulness/ amnesia, drowsiness, dizziness

100
Q

What are some signs of respiratory depression?

A

Slurred speech, blue lips or extremities

101
Q

What are a few common depressants/ sedatives?

A

Alcohol, Opioid Analgesics, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines

102
Q

What are some common side effects of opioid analgesics?

A

Constipation, Nausea, Vomiting, Itching

103
Q

What is “tolerance”?

A

When a patient’s body requires an increased dose of medication to achieve the same effect

104
Q

Patients will gain tolerance to all effects of opioids except for ________

A

Constipation

105
Q

What is one of the main serious conditions that can occur with medications such as SSRIs, SNRIs, and tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Serotonin Syndrome

106
Q

What is Serotonin Syndrome?

A

When the body has too much serotonin

107
Q

What are some symptoms of serotonin syndrome?

A

Changes in mood (agitation/confusion), rapid heart beat, high blood pressure, twitching, sweating, rigid muscles

108
Q

What can happen when a patient on blood thinners gets a cut or falls?

A

Their blood may be too thin to clot

109
Q

What are some common side effects of blood thinners?

A

Bruising, Prolonged Bleeding

110
Q

What are some more serious side effects of blood thinners that warrants treatment?

A

Bleeding that won’t stop

Severe headache/stomach ache

Bruising without an injury

Coughing up/ vomiting up blood

111
Q

What are some common side effects of first generation antihistamines?

A

Dry mouth, drowsiness, dizziness, blurred vision, confusion, unable to urinate

112
Q

What are HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors commonly referred to as?

A

the “Statins”

113
Q

What is the most commonly brought up side effect of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins)?

A

Muscle pain

114
Q

Some statins cause worse muscle pain than others (T or F)

A

True

115
Q

What could extreme muscle pain be a sign of?

A

Rhabdomyolysis

116
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis?

A

The breakdown of skeletal muscle

117
Q

What is the most common side effect of ACE Inhibitors?

A

Non-life threatening cough

118
Q

In rare instances, ACE Inhibitors can induce _______, which is an emergency

A

Angioedema

119
Q

ACE Inhibitors work in the kidneys (T or F)

A

True

120
Q

What are some symptoms of low blood pressure?

A

Dizziness upon standing, changes in vision

121
Q

What is Angioedema?

A

Extreme swelling of the deep tissues

122
Q

What are some common side effects of Anticholinergics?

A

Dizziness, drowsiness, dry eyes, decreased urination, changes in mood/agitation

123
Q

What is the saying to help remember the side effects of Anticholinergics?

A

“Blind as a bat”
“Dry as a bone”
“Full as a flask”
“Mad as a hatter”

^^dizziness/changes in vision, dry eyes, inability to urinate, changes in mood

124
Q

What is the maximum daily dose of Acetaminophen/Tylenol when taken OTC?

A

3000 mg (more could lead to liver injury)

125
Q

What is a common side effect of Magnesium?

(ex. Milk of Magnesia or Magnesium Citrate)

A

Diarrhea

126
Q

What is a common side effect of Aluminum?

A

Constipation

127
Q

What are two common side effects of Iron?

A

Constipation, gas/bloating
(Constipated and SAD)

128
Q

What is a common side effect of Niacin?

A

Flushing

129
Q

What are some medications that people are commonly allergic to?

A

Penicillin antibiotics, Sulfa drugs, Anticonvulsants, NSAIDS, Chemotherapy Meidcations

130
Q

What are some common mild medication allergy symptoms?

A

Itching, hives, swelling

131
Q

What is a life threatening medication allergy symptom?

A

Anaphylaxis

132
Q

Mild medication allergies can be treated with a first generation _______

A

Antihistamine

133
Q

Life threatening medication allergies can be treated with another medication (T or F)

A

FALSE- they should be completely avoided and require medical treatment if exposed (ex. some Penicillin allergies)

134
Q

As drugs travel through the body, they are exposed to anything else in our bloodstream (T or F)

A

True

135
Q

What are some things that could cause an interaction with a medication?

A

Other drugs, diseases, supplements, nutrients, lab tests (can affect the results)

136
Q

Drug-drug interactions could cause either an additive or detrimental effect (T or F)

A

True

137
Q

What are some medications that could cause oral contraceptives to be less effective? (drug-drug interaction)

A

Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, Oxcarbazepine, Phenobarbital, Phenytoin, Primidone, Rifampin, Topiramate

138
Q

What are some medications that could cause HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins) to be less effective? (drug-drug interaction)

A

Amiodarone, Digoxin, Ranolazine, Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Diltiazem, Gemfibrozil, Ticagrelor, Itraconazole, Ketoconazole

139
Q

Do not take Fluoroquinolones, Tetracyclines or Levothyroxine within 2 hours of taking ___________

A

Any multivitamins, calcium, magnesium, iron or aluminum

140
Q

What is a common medication that could cause Warfarin to be less effective? (drug-drug interaction)

A

Aspirin- blood could be further thinned and have increased bleeding risk

RxTechExam (39 decks)

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