Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOM1071 > Module 3 - Repro > Flashcards

Module 3 - Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major reproductive hormones in females?

A

estrogen, progesterone, LH, FSH, and GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) axis regulate female hormone production?

A

Hypothalamus releasing GnRH, which stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH. Act on the ovaries to regulate the production of estrogen and progesterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle and the hormones involved?

A

Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
The primary hormones are FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functional units of the ovary?

A

Follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the name of the process that produces female gametes?

A

oogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the 2-cell 2-gonadotropin hypothesis?

A

Estrogen production in the ovaries requires the interaction of theca, granulosa cells, LH and FSH. LH stimulates theca cells to produce androgens, then converted into estrogen by granulosa cells under the influence of FSH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two cycles that make up the ‘menstrual’ cycle?

A

Ovarian cycle (follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase)

Uterine cycle (menstruation, the proliferative phase, and the secretory phase).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Folliculogenesis?

A

The maturation process of ovarian follicles,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Primordial Follicle?

A

An early stage follicle consisting of an immature oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened granulosa cells, present in the ovaries from birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a Preantral Follicle?

A

A developing follicle, multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte, no antrum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an Antral Follicle?

A

A more developed follicle containing an antrum, with the oocyte surrounded by layers of granulosa and theca cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Corpus Luteum?

A

A temporary endocrine structure formed from the remnants of the follicle after ovulation, which secretes progesterone and estrogen to prepare the uterus for possible pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Gonadotropin?

A

A hormone that stimulates the activity of the gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does LH stand for, and what is its function?

A

Luteinizing Hormone

Stimulates ovulation and the formation of the corpus luteum in females, and testosterone production in males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does FSH stand for, and what is its role?

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Promotes the growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does GnRH stand for, and what does it do?

A

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Theca Cells?

A

Cells that surround the follicle and work with granulosa cells to produce estrogen precursors, primarily androgens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are Granulosa Cells?

A

Cells that surround and nourish the developing oocyte within the follicle and convert androgens into estrogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are Androgens?

A

Steroid hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity; they are also precursors for estrogen synthesis in females.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Progesterone?

A

A steroid hormone released by the corpus luteum that prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains the uterine lining.

21
Q

What is Estrogen?

A

A group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics and regulate the menstrual cycle.

22
Q

What is Inhibin?

A

A hormone produced by the granulosa cells in the ovaries that inhibits the secretion of FSH by the pituitary gland.

23
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system and their functions?

A

Seminal Vesicles: Produce a fluid that nourishes sperm and forms semen.

Prostate Gland: Adds a fluid that helps to activate sperm and form semen.

Bulbourethral Glands: Produce a lubricating fluid that neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra.

24
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process of producing sperm cells from spermatogonia through mitosis and meiosis within the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

25
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

The final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids are transformed into mature spermatozoa with tails, capable of motility.

26
Q

What are Sertoli Cells and their functions?

A

Supporting cells within the seminiferous tubules that nourish developing sperm, maintain the blood-testis barrier, secrete testicular fluid, and produce inhibin and androgen-binding protein (ABP).

27
Q

What are Leydig Cells and their functions?

A

Interstitial cells located outside the seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone in response to LH stimulation.

28
Q

What are the spermatogenesis stages?

A

Mitosis

Meiosis

Spermiogenesis

29
Q
A
30
Q

What is the function of androgen-binding protein (ABP)?

A

ABP binds to testosterone in the seminiferous tubules to maintain a high local concentration of testosterone.

31
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

stem cells located in the seminiferous tubules of the testes that divide by mitosis to produce primary spermatocytes.

32
Q

What are spermatocytes?

A

cells derived from spermatogonia that undergo meiosis to form spermatids. They are classified into primary spermatocytes (diploid) and secondary spermatocytes (haploid).

33
Q

What are spermatids?

A

Haploid cells resulting from meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes. They undergo spermiogenesis to develop into mature spermatozoa.

34
Q

What are spermatozoa?

A

mature, motile sperm cells resulting from the final stage of spermiogenesis. They consist of a head (containing the nucleus), a midpiece (containing mitochondria), and a tail (for motility).

35
Q

What is the transport and maturation of sperm in the male reproductive tract?

A

Sperm is transported from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis for maturation, where it undergoes DNA stabilization and chromatin condensation. The mature sperm is then stored in the vas deferens until ejaculation.

36
Q

What are the regions of the oviduct/Fallopian tube and their functions?

A

Infundibulum: Captures the ovulated oocyte.

Ampulla: Site of fertilization; supports early embryonic development.

Isthmus: Transports sperm and oocyte; stores sperm; facilitates fertilization.

Fimbriae: Finger-like projections that help capture the oocyte.

37
Q

Why is cumulus expansion important for the oocyte?

A

Cumulus expansion, triggered by hormonal changes, is essential for the resumption of meiosis in the oocyte. It helps in the preparation of the oocyte for fertilization by aiding the interaction between sperm and the oocyte.

38
Q

What are the stages and cells of the early pre-implantation embryo?

A

Zygote: The fertilized egg.

Morula: A solid ball of cells formed from successive divisions of the zygote.

Blastocyst: A hollow sphere consisting of the inner cell mass (embryoblast) that will form the embryo and the trophoblast (outer layer) that will form the placenta.

39
Q

What is Seminal Plasma?

A

Non-sperm component of seminal fluid (90%). It creates an alkaline environment, coagulates the ejaculate, and provides nutrients for sperm.

40
Q

What is the Trophectoderm?

A

The trophectoderm is the outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that will form the placenta.

41
Q

What is Capacitation?

A

Capacitation is the process that prepares sperm for fertilization by destabilizing its membrane and increasing motility.

42
Q

What are the main components of the combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP)?

A

estrogen and progestin.

43
Q

How does the combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP) work?

A

inhibits follicle maturation and ovulation through negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary, preventing FSH and LH secretion.

44
Q

What is the mechanism of action of the progestin-only pill (POP)?

A

primarily inhibits LH secretion to prevent ovulation and thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm entry.

45
Q

What are common causes of infertility in females?

A

Causes include endocrine abnormalities, ovarian dysfunction, implantation abnormalities, and conditions like PCOS and endometriosis.

46
Q

What are common causes of infertility in males?

A

Causes include sperm motility issues, low sperm count, varicocele, and retrograde ejaculation.

47
Q

What is Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)?

A

ART involves fertility treatments where both eggs and sperm are handled, including procedures like IVF and ICSI.

48
Q

What is In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)?

A

process where eggs are fertilized outside the body and then implanted into the uterus.

49
Q

What is IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)?

A

ICSI involves injecting a single sperm directly into an egg, used for male infertility issues like low motility or count.

BIOM1071 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions