Module 3: Regeneration

Question 1

Define regeneration and reproduction

Answer 1

Question 2

Compare artificial vs natural regeneration

Answer 2

Question 3

Compare reforestation and afforestation

Answer 3

Question 4

What are 5 key goals of any regeneration strategy and how are they attained?

Answer 4

Question 5

What are 4 categories or origins for reproduction?

Answer 5

Question 6

What is the natural reproduction triangle? Describe its parts

Answer 6

Question 7

What 3 factors affect variation in seed supply for regeneration?

Answer 7

Question 8

What is required for regeneration from seed dispersal, and what 5 main factors influence dispersal to the regeneration site?

Answer 8

Question 9

How does species affect seed dispersal and what are some examples of dispersal distances from our region?

Answer 9

Question 10

Describe/draw a basic seed bank “budget”

Answer 10

Seed rain - any seed getting to the ground by any means
Predation - happens on ground or before seed falls
Dormant seed bank - any seeds not actively growing

Question 11

What 3 factors related to the seed bed affect a seed’s ability to germinate?

Answer 11

Question 12

How do light (wind dispersed) seeds differ from larger heavier seeds in their ideal seed bed conditions?

Answer 12

Question 13

How do these species’ seeds get dispersed?

Answer 13

Question 14

How does shade tolerance affect survival of established seedlings?

Answer 14

Question 15

What are 5 common characteristics of even-aged stands?

Answer 15

Question 16

What are 4 common characteristics of uneven-aged stands?

Answer 16

Question 17

How do diameter distribution curves compare between even-aged and uneven-aged stands?

Answer 17

Question 18

What are the fundamental differences in defining an even-aged stand vs an uneven-aged stand? What’s the difference in time periods for removal of mature trees?

Answer 18

Question 19

Describe a basic timeline (x = rotation, y = biomass) of silvicultural practices across a rotation in an even-aged system

Answer 19

Question 20

Describe a basic timeline (x = rotation, y = biomass) of silvicultural practices across a rotation in an uneven-aged system

Answer 20

Question 21

What are general characteristics of a two-aged system? How many times is regeneration established over a rotation?

Answer 21

Question 22

Classify these regeneration methods as even-aged, uneven-aged, or two-aged
clearcut
selection
deferment harvest
reserve shelterwood
seed-tree
shelterwood
leave-tree systems

Answer 22

Question 23

Define clearcutting. What is the origin of regeneration after this treatment? How does a silvicultural clearcut differ from a commercial clearcut?

Answer 23

Question 24

What are 8 ways that clearcutting changes the microenvironment?

Answer 24

Question 25

Describe the edge effect from clearcutting with regards to moisture and shading

Answer 25

Question 26

Name 3 alternate clearcutting arrangements. What are 4 reasons you might choose one of these?

Answer 26

Question 27

What is block clearcutting? What are size limitations based upon for this approach?

Answer 27

Question 28

Describe alternate and progressive strip clearcutting. What factors influence the width of the strips?

Answer 28

Question 29

Describe patch clearcutting. How is patch size chosen?

Answer 29

Question 30

In a patch clearcut, how do gap size, aspect, and slope affect light availability?

Answer 30

Question 31

Describe how light availability spatially varies in a patch clearcut due to edge effects.

Answer 31

Question 32

Why would you consider scarification, slash residue, or mechanical/chemical vegetative control for site prep?

Answer 32

Question 33

What are 9 advantages of clearcutting with natural regeneration?

Answer 33

Question 34

What are 7 shortcomings of clearcutting with natural regeneration?

Answer 34

Question 35

What are 6 non-timber considerations when using even-aged methods?

Answer 35

Question 36

What is coppice silviculture and what is it typically used for?

Answer 36

Question 37

What are 3 general coppice principles with regards to stump height, age/size, and timing?

Answer 37

Question 38

What are 5 advantages to using coppice silviculture?

Answer 38

Question 39

What is coppice with standards?

Answer 39

Question 40

Define the seed tree method. What is its reproduction source?

Answer 40

Question 41

When are seed trees removed? What type of stand is produced by the seed tree method? What types of trees does it work/not work well for? What's its advantage with regards to area size constraints?

Answer 41

Question 42

When must regeneration be established in the seed tree method? Why? What kind of conditions are created on the site following a seed tree cut?

Answer 42

Question 43

What 4 general factors determine the number and spacing of trees in the seed tree method?

Answer 43

Question 44

What are 7 specie-specific considerations for number and spacing of seed trees?

Answer 44

Question 45

What are 4 major characteristics to consider for quality leave trees?

Answer 45

Question 46

What are the 3 cutting strategies used to implement the seed tree method? What is an additional management option that could be added on to this method?

Answer 46

Question 47

What site conditions are required for the seed tree method and what are 3 site prep considerations to achieve them?

Answer 47

Question 48

What are 3 ways to reduce anticipated competition for the seed tree method?

Answer 48

Question 49

What are 3 advantages to the seed tree method? Two disadvantages? What species is it most useful for?

Answer 49

Question 50

Define the shelterwood method

Answer 50

Question 51

What are the general characteristics of the shelterwood method?

Answer 51

Question 52

List 7 points describing the applicability of the shelterwood method

Answer 52

Question 53

Describe the preparatory cut that may be used with the shelterwood method

Answer 53

Question 54

Describe the establishment cut used with the shelterwood method

Answer 54

Question 55

Describe the relationships between canopy, light, and seedling growth

Answer 55

Question 56

Describe the removal cut used with the shelterwood method

Answer 56

Question 57

Describe the 1, 2, and 3 cut shelterwood methods

Answer 57

Question 58

Describe the group shelterwood method

Answer 58

Question 59

Describe the strip shelterwood method

Answer 59

Question 60

Describe shelterwood with reserves

Answer 60

Question 61

Describe how the shelterwood method would differ for mixed northern hardwoods of various shade tolerance

Answer 61

Question 62

Describe how the shelterwood method would be applied to a spruce-fir stand

Answer 62

Question 63

How would the shelterwood method be applied in oak dominated forest types?

Answer 63

Question 64

Briefly compare the clearcut, seed tree, and shelterwood methods

Answer 64

Question 65

Explain the reference of uneven-aged systems as "selection systems"

Answer 65

Question 66

Describe 5 general characteristics of uneven-aged systems

Answer 66

Question 67

What's the difference between rotation length and cutting cycle in an uneven-aged system? What 2 things are necessary to ensure continued recruitment, favorable growth, and sustained yield in these systems?

Answer 67

Question 68

What are 6 potential objectives/benefits to using a selection system?

Answer 68

Question 69

What are 5 potential drawbacks/disadvantages of selection systems?

Answer 69

Question 70

At the most basic level, what are uneven-aged regeneration methods designed to do? What are 2 classifications these methods fall into?

Answer 70

Question 71

Define the single tree selection method

Answer 71

Question 72

What stand types/species are most commonly managed with the single tree selection method? What other types of forests might it be used in?

Answer 72

Question 73

What is the group selection method?

Answer 73

Question 74

What are 9 considerations for appropriate application of the group selection method?

Answer 74

Question 75

What is the difference between the group selection method and patch clearcutting?

Answer 75

Question 76

What are 3 approaches to regulation and maintaining a balanced stand with sustainable yield in the selection method?

Answer 76

Question 77

How is area regulation applied to a selection system? What's the formula for determining what proportion of the area should be cut at each entry or cutting cycle?

Answer 77

Question 78

How is volume regulation applied to a selection system?

Answer 78

Question 79

In the volume-guiding diameter-limit approach to volume regulation of uneven-aged stands, what are the 5 pieces of information needed to set up the calculations? How do you calculate the allowable cut? How do you calculate the guiding diameter limit? How should the diameter limit be used as a guide for cutting?

Answer 79

Question 80

How is structural regulation applied to a selection system?

Answer 80

Question 81

Using the BDq method for structural regulation in an uneven-aged stand, how would you complete this table given the assumption that the number of trees to be retained in the largest diameter class (21") was determined to be 1 and the q value is 1.2?

Answer 81

Removal TPA would be calculated by subtracting target TPA from pre-harvest TPA

Question 82

Compare balanced vs irregular uneven-aged stands

Answer 82

Question 83

In a balanced uneven-aged system, explain the q-factor and how it affects the target diameter distribution

Answer 83

Question 84

What are 4 things irregular silviculture seeks to do? How is this different from uneven-aged selection systems?

Answer 84

Question 85

How does irregular silviculture differ from selective cutting? Despite this, what are 3 things irregular silviculture must do?

Answer 85

Question 86

What is the first step in creating irregular stand structures? What are 6 other names for irregular silviculture practices? What silvicultural methods are utilized in irregular silviculture?

Answer 86

Question 87

What is two-aged silviculture?

Answer 87

Question 88

What are 8 benefits of a two-aged system?

Answer 88

Question 89

What are 7 constraints or undesirable features of a two-aged system?

Answer 89

Question 90

What are 5 criteria for selecting reserve trees when establishing a two-aged system?

Answer 90

Question 91

What are single or multiple entry approaches to creating two-aged stands? How much residual basal area is typically left?

Answer 91

Question 92

Compare the cuts used for the deferment/leave-tree approach vs the reserve shelterwood approach

Answer 92

Question 93

What's the general aim of variable retention harvesting? How should it be applied in older stands? What about intermediate aged stands?

Answer 93

Question 94

Compare dispersed retention and aggregated retention in a variable retention system

Answer 94

Question 95

What are 3 general classifications of irregular shelterwood systems?

Answer 95

Question 96

What's the general aim of an expanding-gap irregular shelterwood system? Describe how it works.

Answer 96

Question 97

Generally describe a continuous cover irregular shelterwood system

Answer 97

Question 98

Generally describe an extended irregular shelterwood system

Answer 98

Question 99

What's the difference between timber harvesting and silviculture?

Answer 99

Question 100

What is a degraded stand from a timber perspective? What's the management goal for a stand like this?

Answer 100

Question 101

What is a degraded stand from an ecosystem perspective? What should be the management goal in this kind of stand?

Answer 101

Question 102

Define the 3 most typical causes of degraded stands. What are 5 other potential reasons?

Answer 102

Question 103

What are 4 disadvantages of non-silvicultural partial cuttings?

Answer 103

Question 104

What does it mean to improve a degraded stand? What are 3 management pathways towards this goal?

Answer 104

Question 105

What are 5 assumptions we must start from when managing degraded stands?

Answer 105

Question 106

What are 2 big constraints on management of a degraded stand?

Answer 106

Question 107

What's the initial step in rehabilitating degraded stands? What 4 things are determined in this step?

Answer 107

Question 108

What are 7 characteristics of acceptable growing stock (AGS)?

Answer 108

Question 109

What is the first determination made when assessing a degraded stand? What happens next?

Answer 109

Question 110

What are 3 possible conditions of the residual AGS on a degraded stand, and what action should be taken in each case?

Answer 110

Question 111

What action should be taken if residual AGS is evenly distributed throughout a degraded stand? What are 3 options for this?

Answer 111

Question 112

What action should be taken if AGS is not present on a degraded stand? What are 5 options for this?

Answer 112

Question 113

What type of actions should be taken on a degraded stand with clustered residual AGS?

Answer 113