Module 3: Regeneration Flashcards
Define regeneration and reproduction
Compare artificial vs natural regeneration
Compare reforestation and afforestation
What are 5 key goals of any regeneration strategy and how are they attained?
What are 4 categories or origins for reproduction?
What is the natural reproduction triangle? Describe its parts
What 3 factors affect variation in seed supply for regeneration?
What is required for regeneration from seed dispersal, and what 5 main factors influence dispersal to the regeneration site?
How does species affect seed dispersal and what are some examples of dispersal distances from our region?
Describe/draw a basic seed bank “budget”
Seed rain - any seed getting to the ground by any means
Predation - happens on ground or before seed falls
Dormant seed bank - any seeds not actively growing
What 3 factors related to the seed bed affect a seed’s ability to germinate?
How do light (wind dispersed) seeds differ from larger heavier seeds in their ideal seed bed conditions?
How do these species’ seeds get dispersed?
How does shade tolerance affect survival of established seedlings?
What are 5 common characteristics of even-aged stands?
What are 4 common characteristics of uneven-aged stands?
How do diameter distribution curves compare between even-aged and uneven-aged stands?
What are the fundamental differences in defining an even-aged stand vs an uneven-aged stand? What’s the difference in time periods for removal of mature trees?
Describe a basic timeline (x = rotation, y = biomass) of silvicultural practices across a rotation in an even-aged system
Describe a basic timeline (x = rotation, y = biomass) of silvicultural practices across a rotation in an uneven-aged system
What are general characteristics of a two-aged system? How many times is regeneration established over a rotation?
Classify these regeneration methods as even-aged, uneven-aged, or two-aged
clearcut
selection
deferment harvest
reserve shelterwood
seed-tree
shelterwood
leave-tree systems
Define clearcutting. What is the origin of regeneration after this treatment? How does a silvicultural clearcut differ from a commercial clearcut?
What are 8 ways that clearcutting changes the microenvironment?
Describe the edge effect from clearcutting with regards to moisture and shading
Name 3 alternate clearcutting arrangements. What are 4 reasons you might choose one of these?
What is block clearcutting? What are size limitations based upon for this approach?
Describe alternate and progressive strip clearcutting. What factors influence the width of the strips?
Describe patch clearcutting. How is patch size chosen?
In a patch clearcut, how do gap size, aspect, and slope affect light availability?
Describe how light availability spatially varies in a patch clearcut due to edge effects.
Why would you consider scarification, slash residue, or mechanical/chemical vegetative control for site prep?
What are 9 advantages of clearcutting with natural regeneration?
What are 7 shortcomings of clearcutting with natural regeneration?
What are 6 non-timber considerations when using even-aged methods?
What is coppice silviculture and what is it typically used for?
What are 3 general coppice principles with regards to stump height, age/size, and timing?
What are 5 advantages to using coppice silviculture?
What is coppice with standards?
Define the seed tree method. What is its reproduction source?
When are seed trees removed? What type of stand is produced by the seed tree method? What types of trees does it work/not work well for? What’s its advantage with regards to area size constraints?
When must regeneration be established in the seed tree method? Why? What kind of conditions are created on the site following a seed tree cut?
What 4 general factors determine the number and spacing of trees in the seed tree method?
What are 7 specie-specific considerations for number and spacing of seed trees?
What are 4 major characteristics to consider for quality leave trees?
What are the 3 cutting strategies used to implement the seed tree method? What is an additional management option that could be added on to this method?
What site conditions are required for the seed tree method and what are 3 site prep considerations to achieve them?
What are 3 ways to reduce anticipated competition for the seed tree method?
What are 3 advantages to the seed tree method? Two disadvantages? What species is it most useful for?
Define the shelterwood method
What are the general characteristics of the shelterwood method?
List 7 points describing the applicability of the shelterwood method
Describe the preparatory cut that may be used with the shelterwood method
Describe the establishment cut used with the shelterwood method
Describe the relationships between canopy, light, and seedling growth
Describe the removal cut used with the shelterwood method
Describe the 1, 2, and 3 cut shelterwood methods
Describe the group shelterwood method
Describe the strip shelterwood method
Describe shelterwood with reserves
Describe how the shelterwood method would differ for mixed northern hardwoods of various shade tolerance
Describe how the shelterwood method would be applied to a spruce-fir stand
How would the shelterwood method be applied in oak dominated forest types?
Briefly compare the clearcut, seed tree, and shelterwood methods
Explain the reference of uneven-aged systems as “selection systems”
Describe 5 general characteristics of uneven-aged systems
What’s the difference between rotation length and cutting cycle in an uneven-aged system? What 2 things are necessary to ensure continued recruitment, favorable growth, and sustained yield in these systems?
What are 6 potential objectives/benefits to using a selection system?
What are 5 potential drawbacks/disadvantages of selection systems?
At the most basic level, what are uneven-aged regeneration methods designed to do? What are 2 classifications these methods fall into?
Define the single tree selection method
What stand types/species are most commonly managed with the single tree selection method? What other types of forests might it be used in?
What is the group selection method?
What are 9 considerations for appropriate application of the group selection method?
What is the difference between the group selection method and patch clearcutting?
What are 3 approaches to regulation and maintaining a balanced stand with sustainable yield in the selection method?
How is area regulation applied to a selection system? What’s the formula for determining what proportion of the area should be cut at each entry or cutting cycle?
How is volume regulation applied to a selection system?
In the volume-guiding diameter-limit approach to volume regulation of uneven-aged stands, what are the 5 pieces of information needed to set up the calculations? How do you calculate the allowable cut? How do you calculate the guiding diameter limit? How should the diameter limit be used as a guide for cutting?
How is structural regulation applied to a selection system?
Using the BDq method for structural regulation in an uneven-aged stand, how would you complete this table given the assumption that the number of trees to be retained in the largest diameter class (21”) was determined to be 1 and the q value is 1.2?
Removal TPA would be calculated by subtracting target TPA from pre-harvest TPA
Compare balanced vs irregular uneven-aged stands
In a balanced uneven-aged system, explain the q-factor and how it affects the target diameter distribution
What are 4 things irregular silviculture seeks to do? How is this different from uneven-aged selection systems?
How does irregular silviculture differ from selective cutting? Despite this, what are 3 things irregular silviculture must do?
What is the first step in creating irregular stand structures? What are 6 other names for irregular silviculture practices? What silvicultural methods are utilized in irregular silviculture?
What is two-aged silviculture?
What are 8 benefits of a two-aged system?
What are 7 constraints or undesirable features of a two-aged system?
What are 5 criteria for selecting reserve trees when establishing a two-aged system?
What are single or multiple entry approaches to creating two-aged stands? How much residual basal area is typically left?
Compare the cuts used for the deferment/leave-tree approach vs the reserve shelterwood approach
What’s the general aim of variable retention harvesting? How should it be applied in older stands? What about intermediate aged stands?
Compare dispersed retention and aggregated retention in a variable retention system
What are 3 general classifications of irregular shelterwood systems?
What’s the general aim of an expanding-gap irregular shelterwood system? Describe how it works.
Generally describe a continuous cover irregular shelterwood system
Generally describe an extended irregular shelterwood system
What’s the difference between timber harvesting and silviculture?
What is a degraded stand from a timber perspective? What’s the management goal for a stand like this?
What is a degraded stand from an ecosystem perspective? What should be the management goal in this kind of stand?
Define the 3 most typical causes of degraded stands. What are 5 other potential reasons?
What are 4 disadvantages of non-silvicultural partial cuttings?
What does it mean to improve a degraded stand? What are 3 management pathways towards this goal?
What are 5 assumptions we must start from when managing degraded stands?
What are 2 big constraints on management of a degraded stand?
What’s the initial step in rehabilitating degraded stands? What 4 things are determined in this step?
What are 7 characteristics of acceptable growing stock (AGS)?
What is the first determination made when assessing a degraded stand? What happens next?
What are 3 possible conditions of the residual AGS on a degraded stand, and what action should be taken in each case?
What action should be taken if residual AGS is evenly distributed throughout a degraded stand? What are 3 options for this?
What action should be taken if AGS is not present on a degraded stand? What are 5 options for this?
What type of actions should be taken on a degraded stand with clustered residual AGS?
