Module 3: Philosophical and Historical Foundations of Curriculum

Question 1

Basic Philosophical
System

Answer 1

• Metaphysics
• Epistemology
• Logic
• Axiology
• Idealism (Plato)
• Realism (Aristotle)
• Pragmatism (W. James, Dewey, Rousseau)
• Existentialism (Kierkegard, Marcel, Sartre)

Question 2

Four Educational Theories:

Answer 2

a. Perennialism (Hutchins, Adler)
b. Essentialism (Bagley)
c. Progressivism
d. Reconstructivism (Plato, Augustine, Dewey, Counts, Rugg)

Question 2

 Aim to Educate – To educate the rational person; to cultivate the intellect

Answer 2

a. Perennialism (Hutchins, Adler)

Question 3

 Role of Education – Teachers help students think with reason.

Answer 3

a. Perennialism (Hutchins, Adler)

Question 4

 Focus in the Curriculum – Classical subjects, literary analysis and
curriculum is constant

Answer 4

a. Perennialism (Hutchins, Adler)

Question 5

 Curriculum Trends – Use of great books and return to liberal arts.

Answer 5

a. Perennialism (Hutchins, Adler)

Question 6

 Aim of Education – To promote the intellectual growth of the individual
and educate a competent person.

Answer 6

b. Essentialism (Bagley)

Question 7

 Role of Education – The teacher is the sole authority in his or her subject
area or field of specialization.

Answer 7

b. Essentialism (Bagley)

Question 8

 Aim of Education – To promote democratic and social living.

Answer 8

c. Progressivism

Question 8

 Curriculum Trends – Excellence in Education, back to basics and cultural
literacy.

Answer 8

b. Essentialism (Bagley)

Question 9

 Focus in the Curriculum – Essential skills of the 3R’s and essential
subjects of English, Science, History, Math and Foreign Language.

Answer 9

b. Essentialism (Bagley)

Question 10

 Role of Education – Knowledge leads to growth and development of
lifelong learners actively learn by doing.

Answer 10

c. Progressivism

Question 10

 Focus in the Curriculum – Subjects are interdisciplinary, integrative and
interactive. Curriculum is focused on student’s interest, human problems
and affairs

Answer 10

c. Progressivism

Question 10

 Aim of Education – To improve and reconstruct society education for
change.

Answer 10

d. Reconstructivism (Plato, Augustine, Dewey, Counts, Rugg)

Question 11

 Curriculum Trends – School reforms, relevant and contextualized
curriculum, humanistic education.

Answer 11

c. Progressivism

Question 12

 Role of Education – Teachers act as agents of change and reform in
various educational projects including research.

Answer 12

d. Reconstructivism (Plato, Augustine, Dewey, Counts, Rugg)

Question 13

 Curriculum Trends – Equality of educational opportunities in education,
access to global education.

Answer 13

d. Reconstructivism (Plato, Augustine, Dewey, Counts, Rugg)

Question 14

 Focus in the Curriculum – focus on the present and future trends and
issues of national and international interests.

Answer 14

d. Reconstructivism (Plato, Augustine, Dewey, Counts, Rugg)

Question 15

Historical Foundation of Curriculum (5)

Answer 15

• FRANKLIN BOBBIT (1876-1956)
• WERRET CHARTERS (1875-1952)
• WILLIAM KILPATRICK (1871-1965)
• HAROLD RUGG (1886-1960)
• RALPH TYLER (1902-1994)

Question 15

believes that the learning objectives, together with the activities, should be grouped and sequenced after clarifying the instructional activities and tasks. He also views curriculum as a science that emphasizes the needs of the students.

Answer 15

FRANKLIN BOBBIT (1876-1956)

Question 15

Aside from emphasizing the students’ needs, he believes that the objectives, along
with the corresponding activities, should be aligned with the subject matter or
content. For that reason, department chairpersons or course coordinators
scrutinize the alignment or matching of objectives and subject matter prepared by
the faculty members.

Answer 15

WERRET CHARTERS (1875-1952)

Question 16

He introduced the concept of the development of the whole child, the inclusion of social studies, and the importance of curriculum planning in advance. HOLLIS
CASWELL (1901-1989) He believes that subject matter is developed around the interest of the learners and their social functions. So, the curriculum is a set of experiences. Learners must experience what they learn.

Answer 16

HAROLD RUGG (1886-1960)

Question 17

For him, the purpose of curriculum is child development, growth, and social
relationship. He also introduced the use of small group interaction, and the project method in which the teacher and students plan together. Thus, it is called as the
child-centered curriculum.

Answer 17

WILLIAM KILPATRICK (1871-1965)

Question 18

believes that curriculum should revolve around the students’ needs and interests.

Answer 18

RALPH TYLER (1902-1994)