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SPEX202 > Module 3: motor control > Flashcards

Module 3: motor control Flashcards

1
Q

what is motor control

A
  • posture and movements and the mechanisms that underlie
  • control of movement in human and animal
  • execute movement and monitor movements
  • acquisition, performance and retention
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2
Q

difference between control, coordination and skill

the function of constraining the components of motor system into behavioural unit

A

coordination

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3
Q

difference between control, coordination and skill

function of determining the acceptable parameters for coordinative structures

A

control

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4
Q

difference between control, coordination and skill

the optimisation of coordinative structure behaviours

A

skill

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5
Q

feedback control / feedforward control

use of information received via sensory receptors to guide movement

A

feedback control

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6
Q

feedback control / feedforward control

movements based on predictions

A

feedforward

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7
Q

what influences control

A

movement available present in perceptual motor landscape

reducing the context- conditioned variability we find more stable patterns of organisation

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8
Q

how does skill emerge

A

predetermined results with maximum certainty and the minimum outlay of energy or time or of time and energy

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9
Q

what are the 4 main characteristics of movement

A
  • flexibility
  • consistency
  • modifiable
  • uniqueness
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10
Q

what is end state comfort

A

avoid discomfort
- with min time and energy and max certainty

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11
Q

what is the cardiovascular drift about

A
  • increase in HR at the same intensity of exercise
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12
Q

what are the 3 things of CV adaptation w/ response to exercise that drive the increase in SV

A
  • LV hypertrophy
  • augemented SNS activity increase
  • increase in plasma volume
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13
Q

why does hypertrophy occur

A

increase in SV
increase in CO
increase in contractility

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14
Q

what is the same and different in good vs bad hypertrophy

A

thickening same
- the way dilation and contraction is different

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15
Q

perceptual motor landscape

A

a manifold of all the possible movement possibilities available to an individual

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16
Q

self organisation

A

natural tendency for human perceptual motor system to settle into attractors

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17
Q

attractors

A

stable and functional patterns of organisation exhibited by the human perceptual motor system

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18
Q

order parameters

A

collective behaviour of the system many components

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19
Q

control parameters

A

a parameter of internal or external origin that when manipulated controls the system in a nonspecific fashion

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20
Q

stability/instability

A

qualitative state describing the tendency of a system to remain in a particular pattern of organisation or not

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21
Q

hysteresis

A

the tendency to remain in the current basin of attraction as the control parameter is increased or decreased

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22
Q

what are two challenges for motor control researchers, coaches, teachers and practioners

A
  1. develop and disseminate new knowledge
  2. interpret new knowledge with respect to evaluting, understanding and imprving motor behaviour
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23
Q

what are the three broad categories of experimental methods

A
  • mechanical
  • electrical
  • metabolic
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24
Q

the degree to which the test actually measures what it purports to measure
- describes what

A

validity

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25
Q

which behaviour would you measure to watch how time initaite movement

A
  • reaction time
  • foot movemnt
  • muscle activity
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26
Q

which data would you collect to watch how time initaite movement

A

force
time
speed

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27
Q

which behaviour would you measure to watch how visual guidance of movement

A

eye movement
VAR - with goal keeping

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28
Q

what are the 8 senses

A

sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell, movement, balance, interception

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29
Q

what does nociceptor do

A

pain/ injury

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30
Q

all receptors _______ energy into electrochemical signals

A

tranduce

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31
Q

what are the 4 steps of process of sensation

A
  1. reception
  2. transduction
  3. transmission
  4. integration
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32
Q

what is transduction about

A
  • convert energy into membrane potention
    change in permanility post-synaptic emebrane
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33
Q

in transmission stage receptors transmit AP to ____

A

CNS

34
Q

sensation is coded as ________ of neurons firing

A

frequecy

35
Q

why cant we tickle ourselves

A

brain anticipates touch and turns down sensitvity threshold

36
Q

what are three main types of receptors

A

interoceptors
Proprioceptors
exteroceptors

37
Q

what is interoceptors

A

state of out internal organs

38
Q

exteroceptors

A

info about the movement of objets in the environment
(e for environment or external)

39
Q

what direction are muscle spindles in proprioception to muscle fibres

A

parallel

40
Q

when do muscle spindles fire

A

when muscle is stretched

41
Q

what do Golgi tendon organs give feedback to

A

tendon stretch
- estimate weight of objects

42
Q

what are cutaneous receptors

A

receptors in skin

43
Q

what does the vestibular system do

A

signal balance
- info about position and movement of head

44
Q

which systems are involved in the these motor planning steps
1. deciding to act
2. response selection
3. scaling/ fine tuning
4/5. excution/ feedback

A

. deciding to act = limbic
response selection = association cortex
scaling/ fine tuning = projection system
execution/ feedback = spinal system

45
Q

what does deciding to act depend on

A

goals, abilities, tendencies

46
Q

what is the role of the limbric system = deciding to act

A

motivation, emotion, learning and memory

47
Q

what is scaling/fine tuning the motor program about
what do the parameters depend on

A

selecting appropriate parameters -

environment, body, task goal

48
Q

what three areas of the brain make up the projection system

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
49
Q

carry info from CNS to neuromuscular system
is this efferent of afferent

A

efferent

50
Q

carry info from periphery to CNS
- is this efferent or afferent

A

afferent

51
Q

what is the cerebellum - why is it important for motor control

A

role = timing and motor learning
more then half the neurons in the brain are here

52
Q

if damage to cerebellum what does this lead to

A

hypotonia and ataxia
= damage to muscle tone and coordination

53
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia

A

movement preparation and scaling of movement parameters

54
Q

if damage to the basal ganglia what dieseases will this cause

A

huntingtons disease
parkinsons

55
Q

what center is the motor cortex described as rather than planning center

A

trigger center

56
Q

where are APA coordinated

A

in premotor cortex

57
Q

what muscles do premotor cortex control

A

trunk and shoulders

58
Q

what does premotor cortex control

A

posture
also integrating visual and tactile input

59
Q

what is SMA (supplementary motor area ) used for

A

complex movements

60
Q

what is the parietal cortex for

A

association area = between sight and sound, movement and sensory consequence
e.g. when turn head right and the world goes left but because of the parietal cortex we understand that our head is the only thing moving

61
Q

what did the force control prepration example of the box show us

A

hierarchal theory = adapt to schema and percieve, decide to act

synamical system theory = select approptiat control parameter, display stability

62
Q

what effect Simple reaction time

A

sex and age

63
Q

who is faster at reaction time

A

females

64
Q

does premotor time increase or decrease in simple reaction time

A

nothing chnages

65
Q

does movement time increae or decrease in choice reaction time test

A

decrease (during exercise)

66
Q

does reaction time increase or decrease in discrimination reaction time test

A

decrease

67
Q

what is released to allow muscles to contract

A

aceyticholine

68
Q

1 motor neurons innervate how many muscle fibres

A

many

69
Q

what are cutaneous receptors

A

receptors in skin

70
Q

what do muscle spindles give feedback about

A

length of muscle
= muscle stretch

71
Q

what does golgi tendon organs give feedback of what

A

tendon stretch

72
Q

short reflex loops have what spinal at what level - what is some example

A

same level
- stretch reflex, golgi tendon, gamma reflex

73
Q

what level is long reflex loops at
exmaples

A

across spinal levels - more complex movement
e.g felxion reflex, posture control

74
Q

what are the two types of photo receptors and what times of the day are they each good at

A

rods = night
cones = day, dectect colour

75
Q

_________ vision is important for depth perception

A

binocular

76
Q

what is the perception pathway and what stream

A

connects primary visual cortext with inferior temporal lobes

  • ventral
77
Q

what is the action pathway anf which stream

A

connects the primary visual cortex with posterior parietal lobes

78
Q

what are the two big headaches for hierachical theories of motor control

A
  • accounting for biological bodies
  • how detailed/ specific motor programs need to be
79
Q

what is active inference

A

improve sensitivity of movement through movement

80
Q
A

SPEX202 (3 decks)

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