Module 3: motor control Flashcards
what is motor control
- posture and movements and the mechanisms that underlie
- control of movement in human and animal
- execute movement and monitor movements
- acquisition, performance and retention
difference between control, coordination and skill
the function of constraining the components of motor system into behavioural unit
coordination
difference between control, coordination and skill
function of determining the acceptable parameters for coordinative structures
control
difference between control, coordination and skill
the optimisation of coordinative structure behaviours
skill
feedback control / feedforward control
use of information received via sensory receptors to guide movement
feedback control
feedback control / feedforward control
movements based on predictions
feedforward
what influences control
movement available present in perceptual motor landscape
reducing the context- conditioned variability we find more stable patterns of organisation
how does skill emerge
predetermined results with maximum certainty and the minimum outlay of energy or time or of time and energy
what are the 4 main characteristics of movement
- flexibility
- consistency
- modifiable
- uniqueness
what is end state comfort
avoid discomfort
- with min time and energy and max certainty
what is the cardiovascular drift about
- increase in HR at the same intensity of exercise
what are the 3 things of CV adaptation w/ response to exercise that drive the increase in SV
- LV hypertrophy
- augemented SNS activity increase
- increase in plasma volume
why does hypertrophy occur
increase in SV
increase in CO
increase in contractility
what is the same and different in good vs bad hypertrophy
thickening same
- the way dilation and contraction is different
perceptual motor landscape
a manifold of all the possible movement possibilities available to an individual
self organisation
natural tendency for human perceptual motor system to settle into attractors
attractors
stable and functional patterns of organisation exhibited by the human perceptual motor system
order parameters
collective behaviour of the system many components
control parameters
a parameter of internal or external origin that when manipulated controls the system in a nonspecific fashion
stability/instability
qualitative state describing the tendency of a system to remain in a particular pattern of organisation or not
hysteresis
the tendency to remain in the current basin of attraction as the control parameter is increased or decreased
what are two challenges for motor control researchers, coaches, teachers and practioners
- develop and disseminate new knowledge
- interpret new knowledge with respect to evaluting, understanding and imprving motor behaviour
what are the three broad categories of experimental methods
- mechanical
- electrical
- metabolic
the degree to which the test actually measures what it purports to measure
- describes what
validity
which behaviour would you measure to watch how time initaite movement
- reaction time
- foot movemnt
- muscle activity
which data would you collect to watch how time initaite movement
force
time
speed
which behaviour would you measure to watch how visual guidance of movement
eye movement
VAR - with goal keeping
what are the 8 senses
sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell, movement, balance, interception
what does nociceptor do
pain/ injury
all receptors _______ energy into electrochemical signals
tranduce
what are the 4 steps of process of sensation
- reception
- transduction
- transmission
- integration
what is transduction about
- convert energy into membrane potention
change in permanility post-synaptic emebrane
in transmission stage receptors transmit AP to ____
CNS
sensation is coded as ________ of neurons firing
frequecy
why cant we tickle ourselves
brain anticipates touch and turns down sensitvity threshold
what are three main types of receptors
interoceptors
Proprioceptors
exteroceptors
what is interoceptors
state of out internal organs
exteroceptors
info about the movement of objets in the environment
(e for environment or external)
what direction are muscle spindles in proprioception to muscle fibres
parallel
when do muscle spindles fire
when muscle is stretched
what do Golgi tendon organs give feedback to
tendon stretch
- estimate weight of objects
what are cutaneous receptors
receptors in skin
what does the vestibular system do
signal balance
- info about position and movement of head
which systems are involved in the these motor planning steps
1. deciding to act
2. response selection
3. scaling/ fine tuning
4/5. excution/ feedback
. deciding to act = limbic
response selection = association cortex
scaling/ fine tuning = projection system
execution/ feedback = spinal system
what does deciding to act depend on
goals, abilities, tendencies
what is the role of the limbric system = deciding to act
motivation, emotion, learning and memory
what is scaling/fine tuning the motor program about
what do the parameters depend on
selecting appropriate parameters -
environment, body, task goal
what three areas of the brain make up the projection system
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum
carry info from CNS to neuromuscular system
is this efferent of afferent
efferent
carry info from periphery to CNS
- is this efferent or afferent
afferent
what is the cerebellum - why is it important for motor control
role = timing and motor learning
more then half the neurons in the brain are here
if damage to cerebellum what does this lead to
hypotonia and ataxia
= damage to muscle tone and coordination
what is the role of the basal ganglia
movement preparation and scaling of movement parameters
if damage to the basal ganglia what dieseases will this cause
huntingtons disease
parkinsons
what center is the motor cortex described as rather than planning center
trigger center
where are APA coordinated
in premotor cortex
what muscles do premotor cortex control
trunk and shoulders
what does premotor cortex control
posture
also integrating visual and tactile input
what is SMA (supplementary motor area ) used for
complex movements
what is the parietal cortex for
association area = between sight and sound, movement and sensory consequence
e.g. when turn head right and the world goes left but because of the parietal cortex we understand that our head is the only thing moving
what did the force control prepration example of the box show us
hierarchal theory = adapt to schema and percieve, decide to act
synamical system theory = select approptiat control parameter, display stability
what effect Simple reaction time
sex and age
who is faster at reaction time
females
does premotor time increase or decrease in simple reaction time
nothing chnages
does movement time increae or decrease in choice reaction time test
decrease (during exercise)
does reaction time increase or decrease in discrimination reaction time test
decrease
what is released to allow muscles to contract
aceyticholine
1 motor neurons innervate how many muscle fibres
many
what are cutaneous receptors
receptors in skin
what do muscle spindles give feedback about
length of muscle
= muscle stretch
what does golgi tendon organs give feedback of what
tendon stretch
short reflex loops have what spinal at what level - what is some example
same level
- stretch reflex, golgi tendon, gamma reflex
what level is long reflex loops at
exmaples
across spinal levels - more complex movement
e.g felxion reflex, posture control
what are the two types of photo receptors and what times of the day are they each good at
rods = night
cones = day, dectect colour
_________ vision is important for depth perception
binocular
what is the perception pathway and what stream
connects primary visual cortext with inferior temporal lobes
- ventral
what is the action pathway anf which stream
connects the primary visual cortex with posterior parietal lobes
what are the two big headaches for hierachical theories of motor control
- accounting for biological bodies
- how detailed/ specific motor programs need to be
what is active inference
improve sensitivity of movement through movement
