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SPEX202 > module 1 > Flashcards

module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what does bernstein mean by degrees of freedom

A

movement possibilities of the MSK system
possible axes of rotation and directions of linear motion

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2
Q

what are the 3 movement constraints that produce movement behaviour

A
  1. task
  2. organism
  3. environment
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3
Q

the opportunities for action within the environment is defined as what central idea of motor behaviour

A

affordance

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4
Q

many different ways to achieve a task is defined as what central idea of motor behaviour

A

redundancy

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5
Q

what is phylogeny

A

evolution development e.g. how humans became bipedal

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6
Q

what is ontogeny

A

development across lifespan of individual

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7
Q

what is learning a result of _____ not _____

A

practice not maturation

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8
Q

can motor learning be observed directly

A

no

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9
Q

what are fundamental movement skill examples

A

locomotion, object control (throwing)

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10
Q

what are perceptual motor abilities

A

the ability to modify posture

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11
Q

what is physical proficiency

A

balance

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12
Q

what does APA stand for

A

anticipatory postural adjustment

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13
Q

what is anticipatory postural adjustment

A

prepares us for upcoming events, important for balance

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14
Q

what is an example of APA

A

when you shift your weight over before lifting foot off ground or preparing yourself to stand up

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15
Q

what does CPA stand for

A

compensatory postural adjustment

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16
Q

what does compensatory postural adjustment do

A

allows you to be successful at the task for a long time

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17
Q

what is an example of CPA

A

the foot is off the ground an you are trying to balance (swaying side to side)

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18
Q

what is the assessment the product of

A

measurement

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19
Q

what is norm- reference standards

A

hierarchical order

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20
Q

what is criterion -reference standards

A

performance relative to external standards

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21
Q

to complete a comprehensive physical motor assessment what three things do you need

A
  1. biological growth
  2. development (level of functioning)
  3. motor behaviour (performance)
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22
Q

what are the two ways that motor competence can be assessed

A
  1. product e.g. how far someone can jump (result)
  2. process e.g how the person moves e.g. are there limbs doing what they should
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23
Q

what is validity

A

are you measuring what you want to measure

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24
Q

what is reliability

A

are you going to get the same results across multiple measurements

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25
Q

who is a APGAR scale used for and what is

A

newborn physical assessment
- assess babies on things like skin colour, pulse, respiratory

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26
Q

Bayley scale of infant development is what kind of reference 4th edition

A

norm-references

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27
Q

Bayley scale of infant development is process or product orientated

A

product

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28
Q

affordance in the home for motor development (AHEMD) is what type of infant motor assessment

A

parent self report

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29
Q

is the AHEMD assessment reliable and vaild

A

valid but reliability is dependent on cultural and social economic context

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30
Q

what is an example of product orientated assessment for todlers and child movement

A

time taken to place pegs

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31
Q

what are the 3 components the make up the skeletal system

A

cartilage
Bone
Joints

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32
Q

synarthrosis joints do and name example

A

minimal to no movement
e.g. AC joint

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33
Q

what is diarthrosis joint and name an example

A

allow movement to occur - enable us to quantified degrees of freedom to constrain or free motor behaviour to occur

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34
Q

whose skeleton accounts for most weight of body, infants, young adults, older adults

A

younger adults

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35
Q

what stimulates the growth of bone

A

tension or compression

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36
Q

from how many weeks does an infant begin form bone

A

week 5

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37
Q

at what stages of life is there rapid bone growth

A

1-4years and puberty

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38
Q

when is there peak height velocity in males and females

A

males - 12.5years
females 13.5 years

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39
Q

as you grow bone marrow get _____ and wall of bone gets _____

A

bone marrow get larger
wall bone gets thinner

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40
Q

what is really important for bone growth other than genetics and nutrition

A

Physical activity

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41
Q

what is osteropenia

A

components of the bone fall to develop

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42
Q

what is osteomalacia related to

A

related to calcium and phosphate deficiencies

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43
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

decrease in formation of new bone

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44
Q

what is prenatal polyneuronal

A

innervation of motor endplates, allows us to form connections between nerves and muscles

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45
Q

when do first muscle fibres come

A

20 weeks

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46
Q

when do muscle mature

A

childhood

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47
Q

when do we have greatest strength velocity

A

1 year after peak height velocity

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48
Q

________ strength better to maintain than _______ strength

A
  1. eccentric
  2. concentric
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49
Q

Sarcopenia describes a loss in what

A

muscle mass

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50
Q

Apoptosis
means programmed of

A

Cell death

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51
Q

does PNS or CNS able to regenerate (come back from injury)

A

PNS

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52
Q

is there a reduction in basal ganglia in elderly and what is this important for

A

no reduction
- important for learning

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53
Q

who is less sensitive to touch men or women

A

men

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54
Q

Lifespan perceptual-motor development alters _______ _________

A

movement variability

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55
Q

movement variability is defined as

A

normal variations that occur in motor performance both within and between trials

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56
Q

Myelination increases with age til about how old

A

50years old

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57
Q

elderly have a loss of motor ____, therefore a reduced grey and white matter

A

Neurons

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58
Q

what are the two main components of the simple reaction time graph
- and which one changes

A
  1. pre motor time - this changes
  2. movement time
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59
Q

central processing time graph - as age increases time _______

A

increases
- take more time to perceive decide and age on stimuli

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60
Q

motot inhibition and impulse control - for 6-7year ar able to

A

not ignore external cues - e.g. lose focus if given a different task

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61
Q

8-10 years old have selective and sustained what

A

attention

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62
Q

if proprioception taken away is it harder or easier to remain balanced

A

harder

63
Q

who is better at use of affordance - children or adults and why

A

adults
ability to perceive the info from the environment in relation to body is much better than what children are able to do

64
Q

The variability of motor performance between young and old adults appears to be the result of _______ _______ _______

A

Muscle force production fluctuations

65
Q

what context is the phase use it or lose it in

A

endurance

66
Q

there is a nonlinear relationship between coordination and ____

A

age

67
Q

are boys better at object manipulation skill or locomotive than girls

A

object manipulation e.g. throwing
girls are better at locomotive

68
Q

what are the two parts of the mountain of development module that are part of the compensation period

A

Skilful and context specific

69
Q

what do reflexes engage exploration of

A

perceptual motor landscape

70
Q

what are reflexes useful for assessing

A

neurological condition

71
Q

describe features of open and closed skills

A

open = fast, ballistic actions
Closed = slower, guided by sensory info

72
Q

initial creeping allows for what type of movement patterns

A

Homolateral

73
Q

what does En Bloc mean and when is it seen

A

it is a strategy for gait initiation
e.g. right hip and right arm move together
when they first learn to walk

74
Q

what influences walking (think constraints)

A

task, person, environment

75
Q

what does prehension

A

seizing, grasping

76
Q

for writing and drawing how develops these skills first (girls or boys)
due to what

A

girls
earlier neurologically maturity

77
Q

Locomotion, object manipulation and balance are parts of FMS, which one is less certain

A

balance
- continue debate

78
Q

what are characteristics of FMS

A

unique movement patterns,
universal
generalisation to a broad set of skills

79
Q

at what age do young children produce APAs but in en bloc style

A

1-4 months

80
Q

at what age do young children produce APAs but in en bloc style

A

1-4 months

81
Q

what can physical literacy can be described

A

motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to maintain PA through lifespan

82
Q

what is monism

A

moves away from a dualistic approach - PA is only good for physical wellbeing
(part of the foundations of physical literacy)

83
Q

what is holistic framework

A

inclusion of human cognition and emotion and influences on PA and vice versa

84
Q

physically active adults have reduced what

A

all-causes of mortality risk

85
Q

what are the three main properties of physical literacy

A
  • physical capabilities
  • affective
  • cognitive
86
Q

what are some things that you can do to be physically literate

A
  • learn new sport
  • time managements
  • do something you enjoy
  • lean motor skills
87
Q

In the Clark et al 2022 study about physical literacy, what measures were assessed

A
  • physical competence
  • self perceived competence
  • pleasure and preferences for physical activity
88
Q

what physical activity levels were assessed in Clark et al 2022 study about physical literacy

A
  1. engagement in PA
  2. time spent in sedentary behaviour
89
Q

what is proficiency in fundamental motor skills include

A

locomotor (movement) and object control skills (kicking)

90
Q

when is competence assessed FMS or sport skills

A

FMS

91
Q

what are the two ways motor competence can be assessed

A
  1. product (outcome)
  2. process (technique)
92
Q

what 3 factors affect FMA competence

A

Age - sex - training

93
Q

If increase age what does this mean for balance

A

also increases

94
Q

who balances better <10yrs girls or boys

A

girls

95
Q

who develop advanced locomotor skills earlier
- girls or boys

A

girls

96
Q

who develops object control better boys or girls

A

boys

97
Q

what does self-perceived motor competence mean

A

a persons perception of his or her motor competence

98
Q

for children less 7 years there is an increase effort, what does this mean for motor skill competence

A

increases

99
Q

to assess self percieve competence now how many Q’s asked
how many asked in 1985?

A

now: 18 q’s (in 2004 12 more questions added
1985: 6 Q’s

100
Q

the relationship between FMS and PA for actual motor competence is stronger or weaker for older children that are greater 6 years

A

yes stronger relationship as age

101
Q

how is perceived competence influenced
(spiral of engagement)

A

engagement and maintenance of engagement of a task

102
Q

when is obesity likely to increase
positive spiral of engagment or negative

A

negative
because less likely to be involved in PA

103
Q

what are the main challenges with assessing PL

A
  • wide range of movement skills
  • no standardised tests for PL
  • tests oftern lack ecological validity
  • need demos
  • takes time
104
Q

help do we help people develop PL for future

A

technology

105
Q

what can we do to help people become PL
1. exposure to a _______ that act to promote both ____ and ______ competence
2. ___ _____

A
  1. range of Physical activities
    skill and self-percieved
  2. track progress
106
Q

what is the perception-action coupling

A

“we must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive”

107
Q

if same environment different animals (humans) what does this mean for affordances

A

different (different perceptions)

108
Q

same animal different environment what does this mean for affordances
baby with chair and with baby chair

A

different environments

109
Q

novice crawlers vs experienced crawlers experienced found what in visual cliff, gap, slope and real cliff and real/water cliff experiment

A

those babies with crawling experience avoid cliff

110
Q

in the real/ water cliff experiment did most babies avoid falling or fell

A

avoided

111
Q

what does crawling experience informs infants of about avoidance

A

of falling from drop-off

112
Q

between experienced crawlers and novice walker what does the change in posture impact

A

when posture changes from crawling to walking then have to adapt to environment

113
Q

what was the conclusions made about the real/water cliff - cross sectional study

A
  • crawling experience teaches infants to perceive risk - and avoid drop-offs
  • walking along not limited to avoidance of drop offs
114
Q

walkers who crawled more recalibrated the perception-action system ____ than walkers who crawled less

A

faster

115
Q

what was found in the study three water slope

A

having slop accessways into water may increase infants risk of engaging in drowning incidents

116
Q

is early specialisation necessary?

A

not really but depends on athlete

117
Q

strength, VO2 and exercise tolerance - as age increase what happens

A

decrease

118
Q

what is the relationship for reaction and movement time with age

A

increases with age

119
Q

what is speed 1 of the athlete development models
and males or female occur quicker

A

quickness is less than 5 secs
females eailer

120
Q

what is speed 2 and and do males or females occur quicker

A

power capacity
age 12 for females - later for males

121
Q

what do both LTAD and YPD have in common

A

force on sport specific skills

122
Q

what are good reference points for YPD model

A

peak height velocity and puberty

123
Q

in the LTAD model when does power and strength occur

A

after growth spurt

124
Q

how many phsycial qualities included in YPD

A

nine

125
Q

what happens to motor development when we get older

A

regression

126
Q

what are the 5 regression theories

A
  1. genetic
  2. wear-and-tear
  3. cellular garbage/mutation
  4. immune system
  5. hormonal
127
Q

what does the cellular/ mutation theory explain

A

body accumulates garbage
- become more stiff

128
Q

what does it mean with 30 is the new 40

A

from about 30 decrease in physical function

129
Q

in walking changes across life span - what did they find about gait varibility

A

measures remain stable over time

130
Q

for driving study out of young and old how had a faster cognitive processing speed and sustained attention

A

younger drivers

131
Q

what part of the brain does cerebral palsy relate to

A

cerebrum

132
Q

those with cerebral palsy tend to have what to do with muscle

A

muscle spasm

133
Q

what is the 3 types of cerebral palasy

A
  • spastic (main one)
  • dyskenetic (involuntary)
    ataxic (shaky)
134
Q

hemiplegia of cerebral palsy affect what parts of the body

A

the same leg and arm of the same side

135
Q

diplegia of cerebral palsy affect what parts of the body

A

legs

136
Q

does physical training help cerebral palsy

A

yes
- imprve motor functions
- better strength and flexability
- spasticity decrease

137
Q

what does DCD stand for

A

developmental coordination disorder

138
Q

what is not present in DCD that explains the delay to motor skills

A

neurological or medical conditions

139
Q

what do people with DCD have

A

poor coordination and clumsiness

140
Q

what spiral of engament can DCD lead to and why

A

negative
less engaged therefore less willing to participate

141
Q

for people with DCD what is best way to improve motor performance: task orientated or medication

A

task orientated

142
Q

what is down syndrome

A

abnormal amount of genetic info

143
Q

what is a risk factor to lead to children having down syndrome

A

advanced maternal age

144
Q

what are the motor behaviour issues of those with down syndrome

A

gross and fine motor skills

145
Q

what is parkinsons dieaseon a loss of

A

neurons associated with dopamine in part of basal ganglia

146
Q

pressence of lewy bodies is found in what dieaseas

A

parkinsons

147
Q

akinesia

A

delayed movement inhitiation

148
Q

bradykinesia

A

movment slowness

149
Q

hypokinesia

A

reduce of movemnt amplitude

150
Q

what two mechanisms impact the compensator period

A
  1. injury
  2. ageing
151
Q

cephalocaudal

A

head to feet

152
Q

proximodistal

A

torso to limbs

153
Q

development has what relationship

A

nonlinear

154
Q
A

SPEX202 (3 decks)

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