module 1 Flashcards
what does bernstein mean by degrees of freedom
movement possibilities of the MSK system
possible axes of rotation and directions of linear motion
what are the 3 movement constraints that produce movement behaviour
- task
- organism
- environment
the opportunities for action within the environment is defined as what central idea of motor behaviour
affordance
many different ways to achieve a task is defined as what central idea of motor behaviour
redundancy
what is phylogeny
evolution development e.g. how humans became bipedal
what is ontogeny
development across lifespan of individual
what is learning a result of _____ not _____
practice not maturation
can motor learning be observed directly
no
what are fundamental movement skill examples
locomotion, object control (throwing)
what are perceptual motor abilities
the ability to modify posture
what is physical proficiency
balance
what does APA stand for
anticipatory postural adjustment
what is anticipatory postural adjustment
prepares us for upcoming events, important for balance
what is an example of APA
when you shift your weight over before lifting foot off ground or preparing yourself to stand up
what does CPA stand for
compensatory postural adjustment
what does compensatory postural adjustment do
allows you to be successful at the task for a long time
what is an example of CPA
the foot is off the ground an you are trying to balance (swaying side to side)
what is the assessment the product of
measurement
what is norm- reference standards
hierarchical order
what is criterion -reference standards
performance relative to external standards
to complete a comprehensive physical motor assessment what three things do you need
- biological growth
- development (level of functioning)
- motor behaviour (performance)
what are the two ways that motor competence can be assessed
- product e.g. how far someone can jump (result)
- process e.g how the person moves e.g. are there limbs doing what they should
what is validity
are you measuring what you want to measure
what is reliability
are you going to get the same results across multiple measurements
who is a APGAR scale used for and what is
newborn physical assessment
- assess babies on things like skin colour, pulse, respiratory
Bayley scale of infant development is what kind of reference 4th edition
norm-references
Bayley scale of infant development is process or product orientated
product
affordance in the home for motor development (AHEMD) is what type of infant motor assessment
parent self report
is the AHEMD assessment reliable and vaild
valid but reliability is dependent on cultural and social economic context
what is an example of product orientated assessment for todlers and child movement
time taken to place pegs
what are the 3 components the make up the skeletal system
cartilage
Bone
Joints
synarthrosis joints do and name example
minimal to no movement
e.g. AC joint
what is diarthrosis joint and name an example
allow movement to occur - enable us to quantified degrees of freedom to constrain or free motor behaviour to occur
whose skeleton accounts for most weight of body, infants, young adults, older adults
younger adults
what stimulates the growth of bone
tension or compression
from how many weeks does an infant begin form bone
week 5
at what stages of life is there rapid bone growth
1-4years and puberty
when is there peak height velocity in males and females
males - 12.5years
females 13.5 years
as you grow bone marrow get _____ and wall of bone gets _____
bone marrow get larger
wall bone gets thinner
what is really important for bone growth other than genetics and nutrition
Physical activity
what is osteropenia
components of the bone fall to develop
what is osteomalacia related to
related to calcium and phosphate deficiencies
what is osteoporosis
decrease in formation of new bone
what is prenatal polyneuronal
innervation of motor endplates, allows us to form connections between nerves and muscles
when do first muscle fibres come
20 weeks
when do muscle mature
childhood
when do we have greatest strength velocity
1 year after peak height velocity
________ strength better to maintain than _______ strength
- eccentric
- concentric
Sarcopenia describes a loss in what
muscle mass
Apoptosis
means programmed of
Cell death
does PNS or CNS able to regenerate (come back from injury)
PNS
is there a reduction in basal ganglia in elderly and what is this important for
no reduction
- important for learning
who is less sensitive to touch men or women
men
Lifespan perceptual-motor development alters _______ _________
movement variability
movement variability is defined as
normal variations that occur in motor performance both within and between trials
Myelination increases with age til about how old
50years old
elderly have a loss of motor ____, therefore a reduced grey and white matter
Neurons
what are the two main components of the simple reaction time graph
- and which one changes
- pre motor time - this changes
- movement time
central processing time graph - as age increases time _______
increases
- take more time to perceive decide and age on stimuli
motot inhibition and impulse control - for 6-7year ar able to
not ignore external cues - e.g. lose focus if given a different task
8-10 years old have selective and sustained what
attention
if proprioception taken away is it harder or easier to remain balanced
harder
who is better at use of affordance - children or adults and why
adults
ability to perceive the info from the environment in relation to body is much better than what children are able to do
The variability of motor performance between young and old adults appears to be the result of _______ _______ _______
Muscle force production fluctuations
what context is the phase use it or lose it in
endurance
there is a nonlinear relationship between coordination and ____
age
are boys better at object manipulation skill or locomotive than girls
object manipulation e.g. throwing
girls are better at locomotive
what are the two parts of the mountain of development module that are part of the compensation period
Skilful and context specific
what do reflexes engage exploration of
perceptual motor landscape
what are reflexes useful for assessing
neurological condition
describe features of open and closed skills
open = fast, ballistic actions
Closed = slower, guided by sensory info
initial creeping allows for what type of movement patterns
Homolateral
what does En Bloc mean and when is it seen
it is a strategy for gait initiation
e.g. right hip and right arm move together
when they first learn to walk
what influences walking (think constraints)
task, person, environment
what does prehension
seizing, grasping
for writing and drawing how develops these skills first (girls or boys)
due to what
girls
earlier neurologically maturity
Locomotion, object manipulation and balance are parts of FMS, which one is less certain
balance
- continue debate
what are characteristics of FMS
unique movement patterns,
universal
generalisation to a broad set of skills
at what age do young children produce APAs but in en bloc style
1-4 months
at what age do young children produce APAs but in en bloc style
1-4 months
what can physical literacy can be described
motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to maintain PA through lifespan
what is monism
moves away from a dualistic approach - PA is only good for physical wellbeing
(part of the foundations of physical literacy)
what is holistic framework
inclusion of human cognition and emotion and influences on PA and vice versa
physically active adults have reduced what
all-causes of mortality risk
what are the three main properties of physical literacy
- physical capabilities
- affective
- cognitive
what are some things that you can do to be physically literate
- learn new sport
- time managements
- do something you enjoy
- lean motor skills
In the Clark et al 2022 study about physical literacy, what measures were assessed
- physical competence
- self perceived competence
- pleasure and preferences for physical activity
what physical activity levels were assessed in Clark et al 2022 study about physical literacy
- engagement in PA
- time spent in sedentary behaviour
what is proficiency in fundamental motor skills include
locomotor (movement) and object control skills (kicking)
when is competence assessed FMS or sport skills
FMS
what are the two ways motor competence can be assessed
- product (outcome)
- process (technique)
what 3 factors affect FMA competence
Age - sex - training
If increase age what does this mean for balance
also increases
who balances better <10yrs girls or boys
girls
who develop advanced locomotor skills earlier
- girls or boys
girls
who develops object control better boys or girls
boys
what does self-perceived motor competence mean
a persons perception of his or her motor competence
for children less 7 years there is an increase effort, what does this mean for motor skill competence
increases
to assess self percieve competence now how many Q’s asked
how many asked in 1985?
now: 18 q’s (in 2004 12 more questions added
1985: 6 Q’s
the relationship between FMS and PA for actual motor competence is stronger or weaker for older children that are greater 6 years
yes stronger relationship as age
how is perceived competence influenced
(spiral of engagement)
engagement and maintenance of engagement of a task
when is obesity likely to increase
positive spiral of engagment or negative
negative
because less likely to be involved in PA
what are the main challenges with assessing PL
- wide range of movement skills
- no standardised tests for PL
- tests oftern lack ecological validity
- need demos
- takes time
help do we help people develop PL for future
technology
what can we do to help people become PL
1. exposure to a _______ that act to promote both ____ and ______ competence
2. ___ _____
- range of Physical activities
skill and self-percieved - track progress
what is the perception-action coupling
“we must perceive in order to move, but we must also move in order to perceive”
if same environment different animals (humans) what does this mean for affordances
different (different perceptions)
same animal different environment what does this mean for affordances
baby with chair and with baby chair
different environments
novice crawlers vs experienced crawlers experienced found what in visual cliff, gap, slope and real cliff and real/water cliff experiment
those babies with crawling experience avoid cliff
in the real/ water cliff experiment did most babies avoid falling or fell
avoided
what does crawling experience informs infants of about avoidance
of falling from drop-off
between experienced crawlers and novice walker what does the change in posture impact
when posture changes from crawling to walking then have to adapt to environment
what was the conclusions made about the real/water cliff - cross sectional study
- crawling experience teaches infants to perceive risk - and avoid drop-offs
- walking along not limited to avoidance of drop offs
walkers who crawled more recalibrated the perception-action system ____ than walkers who crawled less
faster
what was found in the study three water slope
having slop accessways into water may increase infants risk of engaging in drowning incidents
is early specialisation necessary?
not really but depends on athlete
strength, VO2 and exercise tolerance - as age increase what happens
decrease
what is the relationship for reaction and movement time with age
increases with age
what is speed 1 of the athlete development models
and males or female occur quicker
quickness is less than 5 secs
females eailer
what is speed 2 and and do males or females occur quicker
power capacity
age 12 for females - later for males
what do both LTAD and YPD have in common
force on sport specific skills
what are good reference points for YPD model
peak height velocity and puberty
in the LTAD model when does power and strength occur
after growth spurt
how many phsycial qualities included in YPD
nine
what happens to motor development when we get older
regression
what are the 5 regression theories
- genetic
- wear-and-tear
- cellular garbage/mutation
- immune system
- hormonal
what does the cellular/ mutation theory explain
body accumulates garbage
- become more stiff
what does it mean with 30 is the new 40
from about 30 decrease in physical function
in walking changes across life span - what did they find about gait varibility
measures remain stable over time
for driving study out of young and old how had a faster cognitive processing speed and sustained attention
younger drivers
what part of the brain does cerebral palsy relate to
cerebrum
those with cerebral palsy tend to have what to do with muscle
muscle spasm
what is the 3 types of cerebral palasy
- spastic (main one)
- dyskenetic (involuntary)
ataxic (shaky)
hemiplegia of cerebral palsy affect what parts of the body
the same leg and arm of the same side
diplegia of cerebral palsy affect what parts of the body
legs
does physical training help cerebral palsy
yes
- imprve motor functions
- better strength and flexability
- spasticity decrease
what does DCD stand for
developmental coordination disorder
what is not present in DCD that explains the delay to motor skills
neurological or medical conditions
what do people with DCD have
poor coordination and clumsiness
what spiral of engament can DCD lead to and why
negative
less engaged therefore less willing to participate
for people with DCD what is best way to improve motor performance: task orientated or medication
task orientated
what is down syndrome
abnormal amount of genetic info
what is a risk factor to lead to children having down syndrome
advanced maternal age
what are the motor behaviour issues of those with down syndrome
gross and fine motor skills
what is parkinsons dieaseon a loss of
neurons associated with dopamine in part of basal ganglia
pressence of lewy bodies is found in what dieaseas
parkinsons
akinesia
delayed movement inhitiation
bradykinesia
movment slowness
hypokinesia
reduce of movemnt amplitude
what two mechanisms impact the compensator period
- injury
- ageing
cephalocaudal
head to feet
proximodistal
torso to limbs
development has what relationship
nonlinear
