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Physiology > Module 3- Midterm- Cells > Flashcards

Module 3- Midterm- Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Golgi Apparatus Discription

A

-packaging proteins from rough ER into membrane-bound vesicles
produce 2 different types of vesicles:
-secretory vesicles (transport proteins to
extracellular environment)
-storage vesicles (lysosome, where contents are
stored within the cell)

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2
Q

Free Ribosomes Description

A
  • dense granules of protein and RNA
  • manufacture proteins from amino acids under control of cells DNA
  • form in groups of 10-20, called polyribosomes
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3
Q

Mitochondrion Description

A
  • where most ATP is generated
  • number of mitochondria in each cell depends on demand of energy
  • can replicate itself without cell division (during times of increased demand, like working out)
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4
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum Description

A
  • site for synthesis, storage, transport of lipid and protein molecules
  • proteins manufactured are packaged into vesicles and sent to Golgi
  • rough ER= proteins
  • smooth ER= lipids
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5
Q

Cell Membrane Description

A
  • role in detecting chemical signals from other cells
  • forms links with adjacent cells
  • regulate passage of substances
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6
Q

Centriole Description

A

-bundles of microtubules responsible for directing DNA movement during cell division

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7
Q

Nucleolus Description

A

-contains DNA that produces RNA found in ribosomes

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8
Q

Phospholipids and the Cell Membrane

A
  • phosphate head
  • fatty acid tail
  • lipid bilayer: heads face toward water
  • barrier to water and water-soluble substances such as: ions, sugar, urea
  • oxygen, carbon dioxide and steroid hormones pass easily
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9
Q

Membrane Protein Responsibilities

A
  1. receptors for chemical attachment of hormones and neurotransmitter
  2. enzymes that help chemical reactions or breakdown molecules
  3. Ion channel or pore for water-soluble substances
  4. Membrane transport carriers
  5. Cell-identity markers, antigens or glycoproteins
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10
Q

Membrane Transport Mechanisms

A
  1. Endo/exocytosis
  2. Diffusion through the lipid bilayer
  3. Diffusion through a protein channel
  4. Facilitated diffusion
  5. Active transport
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11
Q

What is diffusion?

A
  • movement of substance from high concentration to low

- substance continues to move until net zero/equilibrium ( substance still moves)

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12
Q

Electrical Gradient- Diffusion

A
  • electrically charged molecules tend to move toward areas of the opposite charge
  • positive move to negative, down their gradient
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13
Q

Electrochemical Equilibrium

A
  • if chemical and electrical gradients are in opposite directions, the ion movement will depend on the balance of the two gradients
  • will stop moving when molecules reach electrochemical equilibrium (equal and opposite in direction)
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14
Q

Diffusion of Lipid Soluble Substances

A
  • oxygen, carbon dioxide, and steroid hormones

- can diffuse right through

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15
Q

Diffusion Factors

A
  1. Size of protein channels (sugar too large)
  2. Charge on molecule (like charges repel)
  3. Electrochemical gradient
  4. Number of channels in the membrane
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16
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • substances that cannot pass or are too large for channels can still pass through fast
  • molecules attach to protein carriers on membrane and cause change in shape in the protein
  • after protein changes shape, which opens a protein channel or the protein rotates the molecule to the inner surface of the membrane where it is released
17
Q

How does Simple diffusion and Facilited diffusion differ?

A
  • rate of transport is determined by amount of available proteins
  • once all carriers are saturated, the system cannot operate any quicker
  • the speed at which the carriers change shape is limited
  • shows chemical specificity
  • may be competitively inhibited
18
Q

What is chemical specifity?

A

-a given carrier protein will only interact with a specifically shaped molecule

19
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

-may be inhibited by molecules that are very similar in shape

20
Q

Active Transport

A
  • requires protein carriers that span the cell membrane
  • can be saturated, shows chemical specificity, competitive inhibition
  • Requires ATP
  • moves molecules from low to high conc’
  • example of this is sodium potassium pump
21
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • requires special pores
  • the amount of water that diffuses out, diffuses in
  • in certain conditions, there can be a concentration difference of water across the membrane, when this happens there is a net movement of water, down the concentration gradient
  • pure water has a high concentration in water and a low concentration in solute
  • a solution that has a high concentration in solute, has a low concentration in water
22
Q

what is a solute?

A

-substance that is being dissolved into a liquid

23
Q

what is a solvent?

A
  • is the liquid that is doing the dissolving

- generally water

24
Q

what is a solution?

A
  • is what you get when you dissolve a solute in a solvent

- the final product

25
Q

Osmosis across the membrane is affected by:

A
  1. permeability of membrane to solute in the inter/intraceullular fluid
  2. concentration gradients of solutes in intra/intercellular fluid
  3. pressure gradient across the cell membrane
26
Q

what is an osmole?

A

-unit used to describe the amount of osmotically active particles in a solution

27
Q

what is tonicity?

A
  • ability of solution to cause osmosis across membrane

- fluid concentration in human is 300 MoSm/kg water

28
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A
  • has same concentration as body fluids

- no osmosis occurs if you were to place RBC in this solution

29
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A
  • has lower concentration compared to celluar fluids
  • the cell swells
  • 200mosm solution
  • more water in this solution
30
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A
  • higher concentration compared to the cell
  • 400mosm
  • causes osmosis
  • cell shrinks
  • less water in this solution than the cell
31
Q

concentration gradients

A
  • Na, Ca and Cl all have higher conc’ outside cell (try and move into cell)
  • K has higher conc’ inside cell ( try and move out of cell)
  • just because there is a gradient, does not mean ions will flow in this direction, it is up to the cell membrane to allow this
32
Q

membrane permeabilities

A
  • Na, Cl, Ca are not very permeable to the membrane, have few channels for this
  • membrane is more permeable to K, so some leaks down concentration gradient
33
Q

Resting membrane potential

A
  • electric potential difference across the membrane, which present in all cells even in resting state
  • 70mv (negative because inside the cell is -)
  • ion have difference on resting potential depending on permeability and concentration gradient
34
Q

Equilibrium potentials

A

-when the chemical gradient and the electrical potential are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, no net movement it is called an electrochemical equilibrium

35
Q

what is the equilibrium potential for Na+?

A

60+ mv

36
Q

what is the equilibirum potential for K+?

A

-90mv

37
Q

what is the equilibrium potential of Cl-?

A

-70mv

Physiology (6 decks)

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