module 3: microbial disease & control, antibiotics, immune systems, and vaccines Flashcards
1
Q
what does it mean to be “sterilizing”
A
sterile. 100% microbe free. absolutely no microbes
2
Q
what does it mean to be “sanitizing”
A
acceptable.
3
Q
what does it mean to be “antiseptic”
A
mouth wash or concerning the skin
4
Q
what does it mean to be “disinfectant”
A
fomites. non-living things. wipes
5
Q
what does it mean to be “microbicidal”
A
“to kill”; bactericidal, fungicidal, viricidal
6
Q
what does it mean to be “bacteriostatic”
A
to slow the growth
7
Q
what is a nosocomial infection, or HAI
A
Hospital Acquired Infection
8
Q
list some chemical controls used to sanitize:
A
- antiseptic (alcohol hand sanitizer)
- disinfectants (chlorine)
- heavy metals
- detergents
9
Q
what is the test used for antibiotic resistance?
A
Kirby Bauer test
10
Q
list the main types of transmission:
A
- skin to skin
- respiratory
- indirect (shared through object)
- food
- insect
- rabid animal
11
Q
MRSA - hospital acquired infection is referring to ____________________
A
antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus
12
Q
before the invention of antibiotics, what were the top 1 and 2 causes of death?
A
Pneumonia and Tb
13
Q
after antibiotics, what are the top 1 and 2 causes of death?
A
heart disease & cancer
14
Q
list the microorganisms that cause communicable/
infections disease
A
- bacteria: Tb
- fungi: yeast – mycosis
- parasites: malaria
- viruses: SARS-CoV 2
15
Q
define “symptom”
A
some sort of physical condition that represents disease (ex. swelling)
16
Q
what is an “opportunistic pathogen?”
A
an infection you get from a microbe that lives in/on you all the time, but all of a sudden causes disease
** example: yeast infection! Candida albicans **
17
Q
what are “primary infections”
A
having a cold, the flu, or covid
18
Q
what are “secondary infections”
A
12 days after the primary infection, getting a headache/mucus/sinus pressure
bacteria overtake from the damage the initial virus has caused, upsets the balance
19
Q
what are “localized infections”
A
infection in a surgical wound, like a knee replacement
20
Q
what are “systemic infections”
A
localized infection goes deeper and roots into the tissue, even into blood
21
Q
what is “bacteremia”
A
bacteria in the blood. VERY bad
22
Q
what is “septicemia”
A
bacteria progresses and infects organs. creates a massive immune system explosion which can lead to sepsis, and death
23
Q
what are the 3 modes of transmission?
A
contact (direct, droplet, indirect)
vehicle (water, air, food)
vector (animal, insect, mite, tick)
24
Q
what does it mean to be “antimicrobial”?
A
an umbrella term. any therapeutic chemical drug or treatment used to stop microbes (fungi, viruses, bacteria, etc)
25
what does it mean to be "antibacterial"?
a drug treating bacteria / bacterial infection. they are anti-living, and fight another living thing
26
how do antibacterial drugs work?
block vital processes in bacteria
kill the bacteria
stop them from multiplying.
all this relies on the patient having a working immune system
27
describe selective toxicity
antibiotics are toxic to bacteria, NOT human eukaryotic cells
28
where do antibiotics come from?
come from other microbes, but can now be synthesized in labs. in the past we've used soil bacteria
29
what decade was the start of antibiotics?
1940s
30
describe the chemotherapeutic index
ratio of the maximum tolerated dose of a chemical agent used in chemotherapy to its minimum dose. having a high therapeutic index is good!
31
what does it mean to have a high therapeutic index?
not toxic to us, but very toxic to bacteria
32
what is the broad vs narrow spectrum?
not every antibiotic is going to have the same effect on every pathogen
33
broad spectrum =
kill any
34
narrow spectrum =
very targeted
35
list some qualities of an ideal antibacterial drug:
- selective target
- bactericidal
- narrow spectrum
- high therapeutic index
- few adverse reactions
- various routes of administration
- good distribution to site of infection
- emergence of resistance is slow
36
MOA: Beta-Lactams
inhibit cell walls.
stops the building of peptidoglycan.
the drug targets transpeptidase, the peptidoglycan builder
37
MOA: Vancomycin
different structure from B-Lactams, but still attacks peptidoglycan in cell walls
38
MOA: Aminoglycosides, Tetracycline, and Macrolides
inhibits protein synthesis.
some stop transcription from happening at the mRNA step,
others stop translation with the ribosome.
*has to find targets that are specific to prokaryotes*
39
MOA: Polymixin
inhibits plasma membrane.
external only
contains 3 antibiotics (bacitracin, neomycin, polymixin) so the pathogens cannot mutate and take over all 3
40
MOA: Quinolones
external & extremely broad spectrum
Cipro targets DNA gyrase
and Rifampin targets RNA polymerase
41
MOA: Sulfonamides
inhibits a metabolic pathway through competitive inhibition
sulfonamide/trimethoprim act as imposters of the actual enzyme & block the building of folic acidsw
42
what do antivirals do?
have varying MOA but prevent viral uncoating, replication, or release
43
what do antifungals do?
inhibit the plasma membrane, specifically ergesterol
44
what do antiparasitics do?
MOA is very specific and tricky, since parasites are eukaryotic just like human cells
45
describe the issue of drug resistance:
antimicrobial resistance is on the rise as a result of...
- selection of drug-resistant strains in clinical environments
- the overuse and misuse of antibacterials
- the issue of not completing a prescribed dose
- poor patient compliance with antibacterial drug therapies
46
what does broad spectrum antibiotic use increase?
increases the risk of resistance
47
describe "antibiotic resistant mechanism"
a whole gene going from one pathogen, getting shared with another via horizontal gene transfer. happens in a population as an accidental mutation
48
what is Augmentin?
contains penicillin & β-lactamase inhibitor
49
what are biofilm infections?
1,000x more resistant to drugs than other infections. inner ear, surgical sites, joint replacements
50
image with "blocked penetration, target modification, inactivation of enzymes, efflux pump"... what is this saying?
the image is saying all the ways bacteria can fight infections
51
define "innate defenses"
non-specific, no memory
52
what are the 3 kinds of innate defenses?
physical, chemical, cellular
53
physical defense: skin
protects us from the outside world
epidermis, dermis, microbiota
54
physical defense: lymphatic system
glands, lymph nodes, spleen
(lymph nodes = where white blood cells mature)
55
physical defense: respiratory system
coughing, sneezing... expelling microbes from the body
(misc: eyelids tearing, urinating. also examples of physical)
56
chemical defense:
natural compounds that inhibit bacteria growth.
chemicals produced by humans
57
list some examples of chemical defense mechanisms:
salt in sweat, tears, breast milk (lysozyme)
stomach acid, sebum, urine, earwax
antimicrobial peptides/proteins
complement proteins (attack proteins in plasma)
cytokines
58
describe/define cytokines
chemical communicators (like the commander).
signals that are communicated between cells.
produced by Leukocytes
59
what are the different kinds of cytokines?
- interferon: interferes with viral infection
- complement cascade: important 4 blood, attack proteins in plasma
- defensins: protein fighting microbe
- histamines: swells
- prostaglandins: temperature control
60
what are Interkeukins?
a type of cytokines, between white blood cells... they regulate immune responses
61
what are Leukocytes?
a general category of white blood cell
62
list the different roles of Leukocytes in the innate immune system:
- platelets: clot blood at cut sites
- basophils
- eosinophils
- neutrophils -- most active in the blood. high %
(all 3 listed above are very active in innate immune sys)
- macrophage/dendritic: gateway cells. important connection between innate & adaptive immune system
- natural killer
63
how are phagocytic cells activated?
cells have the ability to send signals to one another when something is foreign
64
describe the roles of TLR and PAMP
these match up, indicate "this is not us" then attack
65
what does PAMP stand for and what does it do?
Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern
its a type of antigen... indication of a foreign thing
66
in regards to bacterial pathogens, how does phagocytosis play a role?
it can either clear up the bacterial infection by "gobbling it up"
OR
sometimes small particles are used to teach the acquired immune system what to target
67
what is an antigen presenting cell?
the gateway to teach the adaptive immune system by using PAMP and antigen
68
what 3 names all refer back to an antigen presenting cell?
can be called antigen presenting cell, macrophage, or dendritic cell
69
describe the main role of the antigen presenting cell
it presents an antigen to the acquired immune system by presenting the bacterial pathogen (antigen) to the MHC II
70
what is MHC II?
what the antigen presenting cells use to show invaders
71
what is MHC I?
the flaggers. they indicate "hey its me, I'm human"....
or it can tell your immune system "one of my cells isn't doing well. I have a parasite. kill me"
72
what are natural killer cells?
one type of lymphocyte in the innate immune system. they take out *your* body cells that aren't doing well.
73
how do natural killer cells attach to the MHC I complex?
they have a receptor called CD8
74
what do the 5 immunoglobulin cases mean?
antibody being made
75
define "antibody"
what your immune system makes to fight an invader
76
define "antigen"
found on the surface of the pathogen
77
live, attenuated vaccines:
reduce the virulence.
teaches the body the exact antigens without getting you sick
78
inactivated vaccines:
killed virus.
pathogen that's going to cause disease is shown to your body, but is completely dead
79
subunit vaccines:
antigens.
break PAMP off microbe, but not the whole thing. no risk of causing infection/disease
80
conjugate vaccines:
antigen & carrier protein.
no whole bacteria. helper protein attaches to sugars outside the cell
81
briefly describe mRNA vaccines:
mRNA vaccines are injection to muscle cells. your ribosomes make polypeptides that say "fight this spike." dendritic cells, deep in tissues, say "that's not self" then make antibodies to fight it. they connect CD4 and helper T cells, and elicit the immune system.
82
how does mRNA exposure help your immune system?
it has your body cells make the mRNA message, then produce polypeptides. your immune system will see that and carry on making antibodies
83
MMR
live attenuated virus
measles, mumps, rubella (highly contagious, all viral)
84
HEP-B
subunit vaccine (not entire virus, just antigen)
Hepatitis B virus. liver disease.
85
Dtap, Tdap
subunit vaccine & toxoids.
upper respiratory infected
86
Hib
conjugate vaccine
polysaccharide antigen
87
PCV
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
fights Streptococcus pneumoniae
88
IPV
inactivated viral vaccine
polio
89
influenza
killed/inactivated virus - shot
live attenuated virus - spray
recombinant cell vaccine also available
90
varicella
live (attenuated) virus
chicken pox & shingles
