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BIOS 2210- self quiz review > module 1: microbiology, basic biochemistry, cells & cell parts > Flashcards

module 1: microbiology, basic biochemistry, cells & cell parts Flashcards

1
Q

what is microbiology?

A

the study of all small things (bacteria, archaea, eukarya)

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2
Q

what is the size of bacteria?

A

1-10 micrometers

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3
Q

what is the size of viruses?

A

20 nanometers (polio is one of the smallest)

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4
Q

what is the size range of eukaryotes?

A

30-50 micrometers, but can also be as small as 7 micrometers

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5
Q

what roles do microbes play?

A

not always positive, depends on their relationship

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6
Q

where are microbes NOT found?

A

sterile environments, 100% microbe free.

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7
Q

when was microbiology first discovered?

A

1600s-early 1700s

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8
Q

what chemical bonds are positive/negative?

A

ionic bonds

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9
Q

what chemical bonds share electrons?

A

covalent bonds

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10
Q

describe hydrogen bonds

A

attraction of positive side to the negative side of another molecule

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11
Q

what part of the scientific process do we use chemistry in microbiology?

A

the “experimental” step

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12
Q

what part of the periodic table are we most focused on? why?

A

halogens, because they are microbe killers. examples: fluorine, bromine, iodine

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13
Q

what part of the pH scale is considered “acidic”?

A

the range from 0-7

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14
Q

what is 7 considered on the ph scale?

A

base

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15
Q

what part of the pH scale is considered “basic”?

A

7-14

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16
Q

what can really really extreme pH do to a protein?

A

reduce/denature the protein… to unfold, break down, or fall apart

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17
Q

what is a redox reaction?

A

part of an energy exchange used in metabolism that makes energy, or ATP

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18
Q

what is LEO in terms of redox reaction?

A

Lost of an electron… oxidation

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19
Q

what is GER in terms of redox reaction?

A

Gaining of an electron… reduced

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20
Q

what is the subunit for Carbohydrate?

A

glucose- 6 carbon sugar

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21
Q

what is a polymer?

A

giant repeating compound

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22
Q

what is the subunit for lipids?

A

fatty acids

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23
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

A

hydrophobic (from the fatty acid tails, which face each other to form the membrane)

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24
Q

what cells is cholesterol found?

A

animal cells, cell membrane

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25
Q

what type of sterol is found in animal cells?

A

cholesterol

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26
Q

what type of sterol is found in fungi/yeast/mold cells?

A

ergosterol

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27
Q

can bacteria use cholesterol? why?

A

no, they have hopaoid instead. bacteria don’t use cholesterol at all

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28
Q

what is HDL?

A

High Density Lipo-Protein

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29
Q

what is LDL?

A

Low Density Lipo-Protein (floating through the blood, sticks to arteries)

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30
Q

what is the subunit for nucleic acids?

A

nucleotide

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31
Q

what are the 3 main parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. nitrogen base (ATCG)
  2. phosphate
  3. ribose (carbon)
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32
Q

how many strands is DNA?

A

2, it is double stranded

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33
Q

how many strands is RNA?

A

1, it is single stranded

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34
Q

what sugar is in DNA?

A

deoxyribose sugar

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35
Q

what sugar is in RNA?

A

ribose sugar

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36
Q

what is the purpose of DNA?

A

genetic information

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37
Q

what is the purpose of RNA?

A

providing message to a ribosome on how proteins are made in cells

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38
Q

what are the subunits for proteins?

A

amino acids

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39
Q

what is a polypeptide?

A

the folding proteins that become structural parts of cells, the bonds between amino acids

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40
Q

what is the function of proteins?

A

the builders. proteins act as enzymes

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41
Q

describe the gene to protein theory

A

we have genes made of DNA. the genetic information is transcribed to the RNA, which translates the sequences. long amino acid chains are formed, and folded into proteins.

42
Q

what is the big difference in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

big difference: presence of nucleus!

43
Q

name another difference in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

size! prokaryotes are smaller, eukaryotes are bigger

44
Q

what cell type has linear chromosomes?

A

eukaryote

45
Q

where is DNA held in eukaryotic cells?

A

inside chromosomes

46
Q

what is mitosis?

A

growth

47
Q

what is meiosis?

A

reproduction

48
Q

what cell has only a plasma membrane?

A

eukaryotic cells

49
Q

describe eukaryotic cells “melting pot” plasma membrane

A

lots of components embedded on the surface (protein, enzymes, other structures)

50
Q

describe selective permeability of eukaryotic plasma membranes

A

(ping pong pool analogy)… small particles like water and salt can pass through, while larger objects cannot pass through

51
Q

what concept is “simple diffusion” related to?

A

related to selective permeability because it deals with things passing through the plasma membrane and the diffusion of particles

52
Q

what is the important component of plasma membranes that eukaryotes posess?

A

eukaryotic plasma membranes have cholesterol

53
Q

what is phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

the ability of a cell to wrap its plasma membrane around something and completely engulf it. nom nom nom

54
Q

what type of cells are able to phagocytize?

A

eukaryotic cells

55
Q

what is cytoplasm?

A

the liquid-y part of the cell

56
Q

list some the functions and duties of cytoplasm

A

responsible for cell shape, intracellular transport of genetic material and products for cellular respiration, and storage, protein folding, enzyme catalysis

57
Q

what is the function of cilia?

A

extensions that come off the cell & are covered in plasma membrane… increases surface area (not all cells have these!)

58
Q

what is the function of flagella?

A

mobility structure, used for motion/swimming away (HUMAN BODIES HAVE NONE OF THESE)

59
Q

what cell type has cilia?

A

only eukaryotes have cilia

60
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A

they make protein!! binding amino acids into protein (protein synthesis). use mRNA to make the string of amino acids called a polypeptide.

61
Q

what cells have ribosomes?

A

BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes. they HAVE to have ribosomes to function!! (although they have slightly different structures)

62
Q

what type of cells do yeast fall under?

A

yeast are eukaryotes

63
Q

describe the shape and makeup of ribosomes

A

the shape itself (the hamburger bun) is made of protein and RNA

64
Q

what type of cells have mitochondria?

A

ONLY eukaryotes

65
Q

what is the function of mitochondria?

A

the powerhouse of the cell for eukaryotes

66
Q

describe the basis of endosymbiotic theory

A

over millions and millions of years, two types of bacteria inserted themselves along the eukaryotic timeline. in ancient times, there were prokaryotic cells that got engulfed through phagocytosis. the little photosynthetic cells they possessed became the organelles we know now to be mitochondria & chloroplasts

67
Q

what are Giardia lamblia?

A

(protozoan) cysts from feces contaminate water supplies; causes diarrheal illness

68
Q

what are Plasmodium falciparum?

A

(protozoan) severe and fatal malaria

69
Q

what is Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

(helminth) gut/lung/bloodstream lifecycle one

70
Q

what is Candida albicans?

A

(fungi) yeast overgrowth in the mouth/throat

71
Q

what type of cell is algae?

A

eukaryotic

72
Q

describe what cyanobacteria is

A

prokaryotic… no nucleus and photosynthetic

73
Q

describe the shape of prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes are smaller

74
Q

what is the prokaryotic nucleoid region?

A

the space where DNA is stored, hthe majority of the cell space

75
Q

how is DNA packaged in prokaryotic nucleoid region?

A

circular piece of DNA/ribosomes tightly packed

76
Q

how does the DNA stay in one specific region of prokaryotic cells?

A

NAPS - nucleoid associated protein

77
Q

what are plasmids?

A

accessory for DNA, the bling. they are shorter than the actual circular chromosome

78
Q

what shape are chromosomes and plasmids in prokaryotes?

A

circular

79
Q

where are ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

A

within the cytoplasm

80
Q

what is the purpose of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

A

translation. ribosomes build polypeptides

81
Q

describe how ribosomes “look” and their numbers in prokaryotic cells

A

hamburger bun. top bun is 50S, bottom bun is 30S. totaling at 70S

82
Q

what are inclusion bodies?

A

storage pockets/packets. specific to species.. not all have them

83
Q

what are PHB’s, in relation to storage bodies?

A

big polymer made in/stored in inclusion bodies. they are the precursor to plastic

84
Q

what aspects of the prokaryotic plasma membrane are the SAME as eukaryotic plasma membrane?

A

selectively permeable, made of phospholipids, contain proteins

85
Q

do prokaryotes have cholesterol in their plasma membranes?

A

no. they have an alternate polymer called a Hopanoid (and archaea have “hopanoid-like” structure)

86
Q

what are the main differences between prokaryotic plasma membranes and eukaryotic plasma membrane?

A

prokaryotes have no cholesterol imbedded, different structure called Hopanoids instead, and the phagocytosis role isn’t present

87
Q

why is phagocytosis not present in prokaryotic cells?

A

due to the cell wall

88
Q

describe the cell wall in prokaryotic cells

A

the prokaryotic cell wall has a membrane and then a peptidoglycan layer

89
Q

describe the three parts of a gram negative cell’s structure

A

a gram negative bacteria has a plasma membrane, outer membrane, and a thin layer of peptidoglycan

90
Q

what is peptidoglycan?

A

a giant polymer, repeating pattern organic molecule, made of peptide bonds that’s locking into two different types of sugar called the NAG and NAM sugars

91
Q

how are peptidoglycan made?

A

NAG and NAM + peptide bonding = peptidoglycan

92
Q

what type of cell is peptidoglycan for?

A

prokaryotes, specifically bacteria

93
Q

describe gram-positive peptidoglycan

A

super thick repeating layer of peptidoglycan. teichoic acid related to this topic

94
Q

describe gram-negative peptidoglycan

A

thin layer of peptidoglycan. LPS (lipopolysaccharide) associated to this topic

95
Q

describe glycocalyx

A

some cells have a slime layer and capsule. benefit: sugary/lipid layer to help bacteria stick & grow

96
Q

what are flagella?

A

the number a cell has can vary greatly. helps with motility, esp with bacteria. NOT all prokaryotes have these

97
Q

describe chemotaxis

A

moving toward and away using the movement of “run and tumble” with flagella

98
Q

who is associated with 1850s/early 1900s discovery of germs/disease?

A

Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch

99
Q

who is associated with 1940s chemotherapy penicillin?

A

Fleming

100
Q

who is associated with 1940s discovery of DNA double helix structure?

A

Franklin/Watson/Crick

BIOS 2210- self quiz review (3 decks)

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