Module 3: Intellectual Revolutions that Define Society Flashcards
A time of great change in Europe as scholars began to question ideas that had been accepted for hundreds of years.
1300-1600
Before the 1500s, scholars generally decide what was true or false by referring to ()
ancient Greek or Roman author or to the bible
religious movement that prompted followers to challenge accepted ways of thinking about God and salvation
Reformation
In the beginning of mid-1500’s, few scholars published works that challenged the ideas of ancient thinkers and the church. As scholars replaced old assumptions w/ new theories, they launched a change in European thought that historians call ______
Scientific revolution
The scientific revolution was a ______ about the natural world, based upon careful observations and a willingness to question accepted beliefs.
new way of thinking
belief that the Earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe
Geocentric Theory
Geocentric theory was proposed by (1) and expanded by (2)
- Aristotle
- Ptolemy
sun-centered theory proposed by astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus who reasoned out that indeed, the stars, the earth, and the other planets revolved around the sun
Heliocentric theory
Kepler’s mathematical laws showed that planets revolve around the sun in ()
elliptical orbits
He believed that by better understanding the world, scientists would generate practical knowledge that would improve people’s lives. He attacked medieval scholars for relying too heavily on the conclusions of Aristotle & other ancient thinkers.
Francis Bacon
An approach that instead of reasoning from abstract theories, scientists must experiment and then draw conclusions.
Empiricism or The Experimental Method
Like Bacon, he believed that scientists needed to reject old assumptions & teachings. Rather than using experimentation, he relied on mathematics and logic.
Rene Descartes
- also known as the age of reason
- emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith
Enlightenment
He embodied Enlightenment ideals w/ his scientific experiments & philantrophic endeavors.
Benjamin Franklin
Humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge.
Rationalism
Knowledge comes from experience & observation of the world.
Empiricism
Through their powers of reason & observation, humans can make unlimited, linear progress over time.
Progressivism
reflected Enlightenment thinker’s view of themselves as actively engaged citizens of the world as opposed to provincial and close-minded individuals
Cosmopolitanism
founder of Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud
3 Layers/Region of the Mind
Conscious, Pre-conscious, Unconscious
This is where our current thoughts, feelings, and focus live.
Conscious
Home of everything we can recall or retrieve from our memory
Pre-conscious/Subconscious
At the deepest level of our minds resides a repository of the processes that drive our behavior, including primitive & instinctual desires.
Unconscious
Operates at an unconscious level and focuses on instinctual drives and desires; made up of eros & thanatos
Id
instinct to survive
eros
death instinct
thanatos
acts as both a conduit for and a check on the id; working to meet the id’s needs in a socially appropriate way; most tied to reality
ego
portion of the mind in which morality & higher principles reside, ecouraging us to act in socially and morally acceptable ways
superego
Explained the diversity of life on Earth w/ a theory of evolution in his book “On the Origin of species”
Charles Darwin
occurs by means of natural selection
Evolution
Some species produce many offspring but not all of these young will survive.
Overproduction & variation
may or may not be direct but the idea is always on the survival of the organism. The organisms that survived more likely reproduce which transfer their characteristics to their offspring.
Competition & overselection
It is always the organism that will change to adapt to the environment.
Environmental Change
Began around 1750s. People found an extra source of energy w/ an incredible capacity for work. That source was fossil fuels - coal, oil, and natural gas.
Industrial Revolution
Designed an engine in which burning coal produced steam, w/c drove a piston assisted by a partial vacuum.
James Watt
pumps water out of coal mines more quickly and efficiently, to better allow for extraction of the natural resource
Steam Engine
