Module 2: History of Science, Technology, and Society Flashcards
“longest period in the history of men”
Key Ideas:
- first civilizations emerged independently along the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India
- people developed s&t as implements in their search for food & other survival needs
- use of stone tools
pre-historic period
- consisted of hunter-gatherer civilizations that utilized primitive stone tools
- H. erectus utilized and controlled fire (generated through percussion method) used to produce heat for warmth and for cooking
- evidence of clothing, painting, sculptures and carvings/engraving
Paleolithic age
- transitional period that gave way to rise of shifting-farming civilizations
- usage of microliths, small stone tools made of flint used as spearheads & arrowheads
- evidences of construction such as that of Stonehenge in England
Mesolithic age
- the first agricultural revolution, making way for agricultural-mining civilizations
- development of metalworking
- invention of the wheel
Neolithic age
- characterized by the use of copper & tins as chief materials in the production of weapons & utensils
- wheel was used as implement for transportation mechanics
Bronze age
characterized by the widespread use of iron and steel w/c was used and modified for use such as in religious practices, agricultural usage, artistic tools, and weapons and armors
Iron age
- s&t during this period have diverted from being solely for survival needs but also to satisfy curiosity
- during this period, knowledge became increasingly available due to the creation of proper writing systems & record keeping
Ancient Period
set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks
cuneiform
- invented the world’s first writing system called cuneiform
- standardized measuring following the sexagesimal (60 as base) system of counting
Sumerian Civilization
the first crude & early version of paper was from the plant ______
papyrus
- developed the first crude & early version of paper
- writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics
- pyramids of giza was built during the golden age
egyptian civilization
- Emperor Hadrian designed the Pantheon
During the reign of Vespasian:
- the Colosseum was built for gladiatorial contests
- a public urinary system called “Vespasiano” was implemented
roman civilization
- Muhammad founded the religion Islam
- They were the first to use glass lens for magnification
Arabic/Islamic Civilization
- acupuncture was used to treat illnesses
- royal astronomer Chang Heng invented the earthquake weathercock (w/c is now the modern-day seismograph)
- Cai Lun invented the paper & the paper-making process, together w/ gun powder, printing, and compass
Chinese Civilization
Hanging gardens was built
Babylonian Civilization
ancient region bordering Tigris & Euphrates River, w/c once served as the center of commerce & religion in the valley
Babylonia
Minoan’s script system is called the _____
Linear A
father of philosophy
- said that nature was composed of or convertible to water
Thales of Miletus
argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles
Anaxagoras
stated that nature was a mixture of earth, fire, air, and water
Empedocles
father of Greek Medicine; was the first to regard medicine as science apart from religion
Hippocrates
made the first steps for the advancement of anatomy
Galen
regarded as the father of many sciences; pioneered and discovered information on variety of structure and behavior of animals and plants
Aristotle
performed experiments w/c led to the discovery of the laws of lever and pulleys that resulted in the invention of machines
Archimedes
- period between the Ancient times and the Modern times
- witnessed the rise of the Christian empire of Byzantium, islamic empire of Arabs, T’ang dynasty in China, Nara culture in Japan, and the Mayans in Central A.
Medieval Era
The most notable invention during the Medieval era was the _______ of Johannes Gutenberg in Germany.
printing press
Recorded as the world’s oldest mechanically printed book
Gutenberg Bible
- period of birth
- publication of books & the technology of printing
renaissance era
Polish astronomer who published “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres”
Nicolaus Copernicus
- recognized as the founder of modern medicine
- published On the Fabric of the Human Body
- he laid out in detail the first scientifically accurate description of human anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
Italian artist and inventor. He anticipated and drew up plans of future inventions such as the helicopter, submarine, machine gun, and motor car
Leonardo Da Vinci
Major scientist prosecuted by the Church for heavily supporting the heliocentric system. He conducted scientific experiments on gravity and falling objects, improved the telescope and discovered celestial bodies
Galileo Galilei
Galileo’s defense of the Copernican Theory launched the:
Scientific revolution
Promoted observation & experimentation as the proper way of deductive reasoning in the conduct of scientific method.
Francis Bacon
Danish astronomer who studied geometric calculations and mathematical precisions on celestial observations.
Tycho Brahe
discovered logarithms
John Napier
strengthened the power of reason against the philosophy of Aristotle & Ptolemy; he worked out analytical geometry
Rene Descartes
theories on revolutionary hypotheses on astronomy & physics; invented calculus; explained properties of light
Isaac Newton
simultaneously and independently invented Calculus w/ Newton
Gottfried von Leibniz
pendulum as time controllers in clocks
Christian Hugens
improved the magnification of telescopes
Hans Lippershey
invented microscopes & discovered red blood corcpuscles
Jan Swammerdam
invented microscope & discovered animalcules
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
published diagrams of human circulatory system
William Harvey
discovered cells
Robert Hooke
invented the barometer
Evangelista Toricelli
