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STS > Module 2: History of Science, Technology, and Society > Flashcards

Module 2: History of Science, Technology, and Society Flashcards

1
Q

“longest period in the history of men”

Key Ideas:
- first civilizations emerged independently along the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India
- people developed s&t as implements in their search for food & other survival needs
- use of stone tools

A

pre-historic period

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2
Q
  • consisted of hunter-gatherer civilizations that utilized primitive stone tools
  • H. erectus utilized and controlled fire (generated through percussion method) used to produce heat for warmth and for cooking
  • evidence of clothing, painting, sculptures and carvings/engraving
A

Paleolithic age

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3
Q
  • transitional period that gave way to rise of shifting-farming civilizations
  • usage of microliths, small stone tools made of flint used as spearheads & arrowheads
  • evidences of construction such as that of Stonehenge in England
A

Mesolithic age

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4
Q
  • the first agricultural revolution, making way for agricultural-mining civilizations
  • development of metalworking
  • invention of the wheel
A

Neolithic age

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5
Q
  • characterized by the use of copper & tins as chief materials in the production of weapons & utensils
  • wheel was used as implement for transportation mechanics
A

Bronze age

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6
Q

characterized by the widespread use of iron and steel w/c was used and modified for use such as in religious practices, agricultural usage, artistic tools, and weapons and armors

A

Iron age

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7
Q
  • s&t during this period have diverted from being solely for survival needs but also to satisfy curiosity
  • during this period, knowledge became increasingly available due to the creation of proper writing systems & record keeping
A

Ancient Period

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8
Q

set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks

A

cuneiform

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9
Q
  • invented the world’s first writing system called cuneiform
  • standardized measuring following the sexagesimal (60 as base) system of counting
A

Sumerian Civilization

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10
Q

the first crude & early version of paper was from the plant ______

A

papyrus

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11
Q
  • developed the first crude & early version of paper
  • writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics
  • pyramids of giza was built during the golden age
A

egyptian civilization

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12
Q
  • Emperor Hadrian designed the Pantheon

During the reign of Vespasian:
- the Colosseum was built for gladiatorial contests
- a public urinary system called “Vespasiano” was implemented

A

roman civilization

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13
Q
  • Muhammad founded the religion Islam
  • They were the first to use glass lens for magnification
A

Arabic/Islamic Civilization

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14
Q
  • acupuncture was used to treat illnesses
  • royal astronomer Chang Heng invented the earthquake weathercock (w/c is now the modern-day seismograph)
  • Cai Lun invented the paper & the paper-making process, together w/ gun powder, printing, and compass
A

Chinese Civilization

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15
Q

Hanging gardens was built

A

Babylonian Civilization

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16
Q

ancient region bordering Tigris & Euphrates River, w/c once served as the center of commerce & religion in the valley

A

Babylonia

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17
Q

Minoan’s script system is called the _____

A

Linear A

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18
Q

father of philosophy
- said that nature was composed of or convertible to water

A

Thales of Miletus

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19
Q

argued that matter was composed of countless tiny particles

A

Anaxagoras

20
Q

stated that nature was a mixture of earth, fire, air, and water

A

Empedocles

21
Q

father of Greek Medicine; was the first to regard medicine as science apart from religion

A

Hippocrates

22
Q

made the first steps for the advancement of anatomy

A

Galen

23
Q

regarded as the father of many sciences; pioneered and discovered information on variety of structure and behavior of animals and plants

A

Aristotle

24
Q

performed experiments w/c led to the discovery of the laws of lever and pulleys that resulted in the invention of machines

A

Archimedes

25
Q
  • period between the Ancient times and the Modern times
  • witnessed the rise of the Christian empire of Byzantium, islamic empire of Arabs, T’ang dynasty in China, Nara culture in Japan, and the Mayans in Central A.
A

Medieval Era

26
Q

The most notable invention during the Medieval era was the _______ of Johannes Gutenberg in Germany.

A

printing press

27
Q

Recorded as the world’s oldest mechanically printed book

A

Gutenberg Bible

28
Q
  • period of birth
  • publication of books & the technology of printing
A

renaissance era

29
Q

Polish astronomer who published “On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres”

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

30
Q
  • recognized as the founder of modern medicine
  • published On the Fabric of the Human Body
  • he laid out in detail the first scientifically accurate description of human anatomy
A

Andreas Vesalius

31
Q

Italian artist and inventor. He anticipated and drew up plans of future inventions such as the helicopter, submarine, machine gun, and motor car

A

Leonardo Da Vinci

32
Q

Major scientist prosecuted by the Church for heavily supporting the heliocentric system. He conducted scientific experiments on gravity and falling objects, improved the telescope and discovered celestial bodies

A

Galileo Galilei

33
Q

Galileo’s defense of the Copernican Theory launched the:

A

Scientific revolution

34
Q

Promoted observation & experimentation as the proper way of deductive reasoning in the conduct of scientific method.

A

Francis Bacon

35
Q

Danish astronomer who studied geometric calculations and mathematical precisions on celestial observations.

A

Tycho Brahe

36
Q

discovered logarithms

A

John Napier

37
Q

strengthened the power of reason against the philosophy of Aristotle & Ptolemy; he worked out analytical geometry

A

Rene Descartes

38
Q

theories on revolutionary hypotheses on astronomy & physics; invented calculus; explained properties of light

A

Isaac Newton

39
Q

simultaneously and independently invented Calculus w/ Newton

A

Gottfried von Leibniz

40
Q

pendulum as time controllers in clocks

A

Christian Hugens

41
Q

improved the magnification of telescopes

A

Hans Lippershey

42
Q

invented microscopes & discovered red blood corcpuscles

A

Jan Swammerdam

43
Q

invented microscope & discovered animalcules

A

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

44
Q

published diagrams of human circulatory system

A

William Harvey

45
Q

discovered cells

A

Robert Hooke

46
Q

invented the barometer

A

Evangelista Toricelli

STS (2 decks)

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