Module 3 - GastroInestinal (GIT) and Renal Flashcards
What is the location of the oesophagus in relation to the trachea within the mediastinum?
The oesophagus is located posterior to the trachea within the mediastinum.
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin in the gastrointestinal tract?
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the small intestine
Where is the left kidney situated in relation to the right kidney in the abdominal cavity?
The left kidney is situated slightly higher in the abdominal cavity than the right kidney.
What is Tubular reabsorption
Tubular reabsorption is the process that moves solutes and water out of the filtrate and back into your bloodstream. This process is known as reabsorption, because this is the second time they have been absorbed; the first time being when they were absorbed into the bloodstream from the digestive tract after a meal.
What is the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys
The action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the kidneys is to increase water permeability of the distal and collecting tubules.
Name the THREE (3) major divisions of the small intestine and state at which specific structure
it begins (transitions from the stomach) and ends (transitions into the large intestine).
Duodenum:
Begins at the pyloric sphincter, transitioning from the stomach.
Ends at the junction with the jejunum.
Jejunum:
Begins at the junction with the duodenum.
Ends at the junction with the ileum.
Ileum:
Begins at the junction with the jejunum.
Ends at the ileocecal valve, transitioning into the large intestine.
n which of the divisions of the small intestine are the plicae circularis least abundant?
Plicae circularis, also known as circular folds, are least abundant in the ileum, which is the last division of the small intestine. While the duodenum and jejunum exhibit prominent plicae circularis, the density of these folds gradually decreases in the ileum.
Which hormone triggers the release of bile?
The hormone that triggers the release of bile is cholecystokinin (CCK).
True or False: The pulp is the innermost part of the tooth, housing nerves and blood vessels.
True: The dental pulp is the innermost part of a tooth and contains nerves and blood vessels, which are essential for the tooth’s sensory and nutritional functions.
What digestive processes would be affected in a person who cannot make bile salts?
The digestion and absorption of fats
Bile salts are critical for the digestion and absorption of fats in the digestive system. They emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets and allowing enzymes called lipases to work more efficiently. Without bile salts, fat digestion and absorption would be impaired.
True or False: The ureters are the most posterior structures found at the hilum of the kidneys.
True: The ureters are tubular structures that connect the kidneys to the bladder, and they are found at the hilum of the kidneys, which is the concave, medial border of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and exit the kidney.
True or False: Tubular reabsorption involves the movement of all filtered red blood cells back into the peritubular capillaries and general circulation.
False: Tubular reabsorption involves the reabsorption of various substances from the filtrate into the peritubular capillaries, but red blood cells are not typically filtered into the renal tubules in the first place. Glomerular filtration is responsible for the initial filtering of substances from the blood, and red blood cells are generally too large to pass through the glomerular filtration barrier.
What is key processes of urine formation
Glomerular filtration is a passive process driven by the hydrostatic pressure within glomerular capillaries
What happens to aquaporin water channels in the collecting duct of the kidney in response to dehydration, and what is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in this process?
They are inserted into the collecting duct apical membrane in states of dehydration.
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is released in response to dehydration or increased osmolarity of the blood. It acts on the collecting ducts of the nephrons in the kidney, where it promotes the insertion of aquaporin water channels into the apical (luminal) membrane of the collecting duct cells. This allows for increased water reabsorption and helps to concentrate urine when the body is in a state of dehydration.
True or False: The lesser omentum attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach.
False: The lesser omentum attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach. The greater curvature of the stomach is associated with the greater omentum.
