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Biology Module 2 > Module 3 - Exchange Surfaces , Transport In Animals And Plants > Flashcards

Module 3 - Exchange Surfaces , Transport In Animals And Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do small organisms such as amoeba require simple diffusion?

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio
Distance that needs to be crossed over is short

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2
Q

Why do larger organisms require adaptations to increase the efficiency of exchange across their surface?

A

they have a small surface area to volume ratio
The distance that needs to be crossed over is larger

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3
Q

Why do larger organisms have a high metabolic rate ?

A

They require more oxygen for respiration to create ATP

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4
Q

What are some examples of features of efficient exchange surface ?

A

Large surface area to volume ratio
Concentration gradient
Thin pathway

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5
Q

Example of large surface area

A

root hair cells
Folded membranes

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6
Q

example of concentration gradient

A

exchange surface requires good blood supply/ ventilation to MAINTAIN a STEEP GRADIENT ( example alveoli)

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7
Q

Example of thin pathway

A

The exchange surface should be thin to ensure the distance that needs to be crossed over by substance is short

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8
Q

How is the trachea supported

A

It contains C-shaped rings of cartilage

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9
Q

What is the feature of trachea ?

A
  • ciliated epithelial cells to sweep away any mucus
  • goblet cells produce mucus
    -smooth muscle within walls as muscles contract if any harmful substances detected in air
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10
Q

How is the lumen in the trachea adapted to its function

A

When lumen contracts it constricts and reduce flow of air in lungs
When lumen relaxes it dilates

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11
Q

how is the lumen able to stretch and recoil?

A

Due to the elastic fibres in tracheal walls

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12
Q

How is both bronchi and bronchioles provide structural support ?

A

they have cartilage which keeps the tubes open

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13
Q

What is alveoli

A

site of gas exchange

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14
Q

how does alveoli work?

A

oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into blood into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuse from blood into capillaries into alveoli

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15
Q

How is alveoli adapted to its function?

A

Large SA as there is large no. Of alveoli in lungs
Short diffusion rate as the walls are very thin
Maintains concentration gradient as each alveolus is surrounded by network of capillaries to remove exchanged gases

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16
Q

what’s purpose of ventilation

A

to maintain the concentration gradient for gas exchange at the alveoli

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17
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A

Increased volume of the thorax and air pressure inside thorax reduces. Air flows in lungs

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18
Q

what happens during expiration?

A

decrease in volume of thorax and increase in air pressure within thorax . Forces air out of lungs

19
Q

what provides larger volume when you inhale?

A

diaphragm contracts
External intercostal muscles contact
Internal intercoastal relax

20
Q

What causes decrease in volume when you exhale ?

A

diaphragm relaxes
External intercostal muscles relax
Internal intercostal muscles contract
Pull rib cage inward and down

21
Q

what’s use of spirometer

A

measures volume of air inhaled and exhaled

22
Q

Why is it difficult for fish to maintain concentration gradient ?

A

There is less oxygen dissolved in water than in atmosphere

23
Q

Explain ventilation in fish

A

Swim with mouth open , water flows over the gills.
- open their mouth and lower buccal cavity , increases volume of BC and decrease pressure
- water flows in BC

24
Q

Why do fish need a specialised exchange surface ?

A
  • small surface area to volume ratio
  • impermeable membrane so gases don’t diffuse through their skin
25
Q

how does blood and water flow across the lamellae

A

in counter current direction ( opposite)

26
Q

Why can fish not survive out of water for very long ?

A

the projections are held apart by water flow , so absence of water they stick together

27
Q

Why do insects not posses transport system ?

A

Oxygen needs to be transported directly to tissues undergoing respiration

28
Q

What is site of gas exchange in insects

A

tracheal

29
Q

How is transportation of oxygen achieved in insects

A

Through spiracles which are attached to tracheal system and it opens and closes to prevent water loss

30
Q

gas exchange features In insects

A

Large surface area - many branching tracheal
Short diffusion distance
Maintain concentration gradient - abdominal muscles pump air

31
Q

What happens when insect is in flight?

A

muscle cells start to respire anaerobically + produce lactase
Lowers water potential of cell so water moves from tracheoles into cells by osmosis
Decrease volume of liquid more air move in

32
Q

Explain capillaries

A

One cell thick as it provides short diffusion distance
Narrow diameter to slow blood flow

33
Q

Explain veins

A
  • contain valves to stop back flow of blood
    Thin wall large lumen as blood pressure is low
34
Q

what’s tissue fluid

A

liquid containing dissolved oxygen and nutrients
Supplies tissue with solutes in exchange for waste products

35
Q

Why is mammalian heart referred as myogenic ?

A

It initiates its own contractions

36
Q

what’s role of coronary artery

A

Supplies cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood for aerobic respiration
Provides ATP so it can continually contract and relax

37
Q

describe left ventricle

A

Thicker walls to contract with more force and pump blood at higher pressure

38
Q

What happens at cardiac diastole

A

Atria and ventricular muscles relax
Blood enter the atria via vena cava and pulmonary vein
Blood flowing in atria increases the pressure

39
Q

what happens at atrial systole

A

Atria walls contract , pressure increases causing atrioventricular valves to open and blood flow into ventricles .
Ventricular muscles relaxed

40
Q

What happens at ventricular systole

A

ventricle walls contract . Pressure increase ,
Atrioventricular valves close and semi-lunar valves open
Blood pushed out of ventricles into arteries .

41
Q

what’s formula for cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

42
Q

How is rate of contraction controlled in cardiac cycle

A

Wave of electrical activity

43
Q

what’s haemoglobin

A

Groups of globular proteins , quaternary structure
Transport of oxygen

44
Q

How does gas exchange work in insects?

A

They contract and relax their abdominal muscles to move gases on mass into and out of spiracles to the trachea.

Biology Module 2 (7 decks)

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