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Applied Chemistry > Module 3 (Exam II) > Flashcards

Module 3 (Exam II) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the six reaction types?

A
  1. Acid/Base
  2. Substitution
  3. Elimination
  4. Addition
  5. REDOX
  6. Isomerization
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2
Q

What are nucleophiles?
Give the 4 examples discussed in class.

A
  • Electron rich species
    1. Heteroatoms w/ lone pair e⁻
    2. anions
    3. Alkenes
    4. Alkynes
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3
Q

What are electrophiles?
Give the 4 examples discussed in class.

A
  • Electron poor species
    1. carbocations
    2. carbonyl groups
    3. Alkenes
    4. Alkynes
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4
Q

Reactions require both ________ & _________.

_________ are nice to have but not technically necessary.

A
  • Neutrophiles & Electrophiles
  • Catalysts (enzymes & cofactors)
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5
Q

Bronsted-Lowry acids involve the transfer of a ______.

A

H⁺

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6
Q

Lewis acids involve the transfer of a ____.

A

e⁻

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7
Q

Identify the nucleophile from picture below. Why is this the nucleophile?

A

1 is the nucleophile due to its e⁻ density (↑e⁻)

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8
Q

Identify the electrophile from picture below. Why is this the electrophile?

A

2 is the electrophile. Mg⁺⁺ is + & wants e⁻.

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9
Q

What type of reaction is depicted below? Why?

A

Lewis Acid-Base Reaction due to the exchange of electrons. (no H⁺ involved)

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10
Q

What is occurring in the reaction denoted by 1 below? What type of reaction is this?

A
  • H⁺ donation
  • Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reaction
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11
Q

What is occurring in the reaction denoted by 2 below? What type of reaction is this?

A
  • H⁺ loss
  • Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reaction
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12
Q

What are the three types of Substitution reactions? Define each.

A
  1. Nucleophilic - Addition of nucleophile (e⁻ rich) to an electrophile (e⁻ poor).
  2. Aromatic - Substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring w/ another group (not O₂ or N)
  3. Acyl - Addition of e⁻ rich nucleophile to a carbonyl, sulfonate, or phosphate group.
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13
Q

What is a nucleophilic substitution reaction?

A
  • Addition of e⁻ rich-nucleophile to an e⁻ poor-electrophile.
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14
Q

What is an aromatic substitution reaction?

A
  • Substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (can’t be O or N).
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15
Q

What is an acyl substitution reaction?

A
  • Addition of e⁻ rich-nucleophile to carbonyl, sulfonate, or phosphate group.
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16
Q

Acyl Substitution reactions often involve the formation of which double bonds?

A

C=O, N=O, & S=O

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17
Q

The two reactions depicted below are examples of what? Why is this?

A
  • Aromatic Substitution: the H group is subbed for another group.
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18
Q

During a substitution reaction, if an atom goes from having a + charge to being neutral, then it is likely that this atom is the __________. Why?

A

Electrophile because it accepted a negative e⁻ charge.

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19
Q

What is the hallmark sign of an Elimination reaction?

A
  • Formation of double or triple bond.
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20
Q

Loss of what is often indicative of an addition reaction?

A
  • Double bond (maybe triple bond too)
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21
Q

Oxidation reactions result in the ________ of bonds to O or N.

A

increase

22
Q

Oxidation reactions result in the ______ of bonds to H.

A

decrease

23
Q

Reduction reactions result in the ______ of bonds to O or N.

A

decrease

24
Q

Reduction reactions result in the ______ of bonds to H.

A

increase.

25
Q

What type of reaction is depicted below? Why?

A

Reduction reaction due to the addition of an H.

26
Q

What type of reaction is depicted in the figure below?

A

Oxidation reaction due to the loss of an H and more bonds being formed with N.

27
Q

In the figure below which of the two numbered molecules is the nucleophile & which is the electrophile?

A

1 is the nucleophile
2 is the electrophile

28
Q

What type of reaction is depicted below? Why?

A

Elimination reaction. We have the loss of a hydrogen & the formation of a double bond.

29
Q

Differentiate globular and fibrous proteins. Which are often enzymes & why?

A
  • Fibrous proteins are often structural & globular proteins are spherical.
  • Enzymes are globular proteins which can conformationally change.
30
Q

What do enzymes do to entropy to enable certain reactions to take place?
How is this?

A

Increase ΔS (Entropy) through the conformational change.

31
Q

What are cofactors?

A
  • Non-protein components that bind with an enzyme to help it perform a function.
32
Q

What are the two types of cofactors?
List examples of each.

A
  • Inorganic Ions - Mg⁺⁺, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, etc. (Minerals, essentially metal ions)
  • Organic (coenzymes) - NAD+, NADPH, etc.
33
Q

What are organic coenzymes typically derived from?
What is important in the prevention of scurvy?

A
  • Vitamins
  • Vitamin C
34
Q

What is the Gibbs Free Energy equation?

A

ΔG = ΔH - T·ΔS

35
Q

What is ΔH?
What is T?
What is ΔS?

A
  • Enthalpy (endothermic vs exothermic)
  • Temperature
  • Entropy
36
Q

What does ΔG essentially tell us?

A

Whether a reaction will occur or not.

37
Q

What does a Transferase enzyme do?

A
  • Transfers a functional group
38
Q

What does a hydrolase enzyme do?

A
  • Hydrolysis (breaks bond with H₂O)
39
Q

What does an oxidoreductase enzyme do?

A
  • Catalyzes REDOX reactions
40
Q

What does a Lyase enzyme do?

A
  • Catalyzes Elimination reactions
41
Q

What does a Ligase enzyme do?

A
  • Joins two molecules together
42
Q

What does an Isomerase enzyme do?

A

Catalyzes Structure shifts (transfers groups intramolecularly)

43
Q

What is Saponification?
What functional groups change in these reactions?
What two things are important about saponification?

A
  • Conversion of triglyceride (fats & oils) into fatty acids (lipids)
  • Esters → Carboxylic acids
    1. How Fatty Acids are produced
    2. Soap production
44
Q

Oxidoreductase enzymes are often found in the _______ (organ) & require _______.

A

liver; cofactors

45
Q

What type of enzymes transfer functional groups?

A
  • Transferases
46
Q

What type of enzymes break bonds using water?

A
  • Hydrolases
47
Q

What type of enzymes catalyze redox reactions?

A
  • Oxidoreductases
48
Q

What types of enzymes catalyze elimination reactions?

A
  • Lyases
49
Q

What type of enzymes catalyze addition reactions?

A
  • Ligases
50
Q

What type of enzyme is responsible for intramolecular functional groups shifting around?

A
  • Isomerases
51
Q

What type of enzyme is used in saponification?

A
  • Lyase
52
Q

What do oxidoreductase enzymes require?

A
  • Cofactors

Applied Chemistry (10 decks)

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