Module 3 (Exam II) Flashcards
What are the six reaction types?
- Acid/Base
- Substitution
- Elimination
- Addition
- REDOX
- Isomerization
What are nucleophiles?
Give the 4 examples discussed in class.
- Electron rich species
1. Heteroatoms w/ lone pair e⁻
2. anions
3. Alkenes
4. Alkynes
What are electrophiles?
Give the 4 examples discussed in class.
- Electron poor species
1. carbocations
2. carbonyl groups
3. Alkenes
4. Alkynes
Reactions require both ________ & _________.
_________ are nice to have but not technically necessary.
- Neutrophiles & Electrophiles
- Catalysts (enzymes & cofactors)
Bronsted-Lowry acids involve the transfer of a ______.
H⁺
Lewis acids involve the transfer of a ____.
e⁻
Identify the nucleophile from picture below. Why is this the nucleophile?
1 is the nucleophile due to its e⁻ density (↑e⁻)
Identify the electrophile from picture below. Why is this the electrophile?
2 is the electrophile. Mg⁺⁺ is + & wants e⁻.
What type of reaction is depicted below? Why?
Lewis Acid-Base Reaction due to the exchange of electrons. (no H⁺ involved)
What is occurring in the reaction denoted by 1 below? What type of reaction is this?
- H⁺ donation
- Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reaction
What is occurring in the reaction denoted by 2 below? What type of reaction is this?
- H⁺ loss
- Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Reaction
What are the three types of Substitution reactions? Define each.
- Nucleophilic - Addition of nucleophile (e⁻ rich) to an electrophile (e⁻ poor).
- Aromatic - Substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring w/ another group (not O₂ or N)
- Acyl - Addition of e⁻ rich nucleophile to a carbonyl, sulfonate, or phosphate group.
What is a nucleophilic substitution reaction?
- Addition of e⁻ rich-nucleophile to an e⁻ poor-electrophile.
What is an aromatic substitution reaction?
- Substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (can’t be O or N).
What is an acyl substitution reaction?
- Addition of e⁻ rich-nucleophile to carbonyl, sulfonate, or phosphate group.
Acyl Substitution reactions often involve the formation of which double bonds?
C=O, N=O, & S=O
The two reactions depicted below are examples of what? Why is this?
- Aromatic Substitution: the H group is subbed for another group.
During a substitution reaction, if an atom goes from having a + charge to being neutral, then it is likely that this atom is the __________. Why?
Electrophile because it accepted a negative e⁻ charge.
What is the hallmark sign of an Elimination reaction?
- Formation of double or triple bond.
Loss of what is often indicative of an addition reaction?
- Double bond (maybe triple bond too)
Oxidation reactions result in the ________ of bonds to O or N.
increase
Oxidation reactions result in the ______ of bonds to H.
decrease
Reduction reactions result in the ______ of bonds to O or N.
decrease
Reduction reactions result in the ______ of bonds to H.
increase.
What type of reaction is depicted below? Why?
Reduction reaction due to the addition of an H.
What type of reaction is depicted in the figure below?
Oxidation reaction due to the loss of an H and more bonds being formed with N.
In the figure below which of the two numbered molecules is the nucleophile & which is the electrophile?
1 is the nucleophile
2 is the electrophile
What type of reaction is depicted below? Why?
Elimination reaction. We have the loss of a hydrogen & the formation of a double bond.
Differentiate globular and fibrous proteins. Which are often enzymes & why?
- Fibrous proteins are often structural & globular proteins are spherical.
- Enzymes are globular proteins which can conformationally change.
What do enzymes do to entropy to enable certain reactions to take place?
How is this?
Increase ΔS (Entropy) through the conformational change.
What are cofactors?
- Non-protein components that bind with an enzyme to help it perform a function.
What are the two types of cofactors?
List examples of each.
- Inorganic Ions - Mg⁺⁺, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, etc. (Minerals, essentially metal ions)
- Organic (coenzymes) - NAD+, NADPH, etc.
What are organic coenzymes typically derived from?
What is important in the prevention of scurvy?
- Vitamins
- Vitamin C
What is the Gibbs Free Energy equation?
ΔG = ΔH - T·ΔS
What is ΔH?
What is T?
What is ΔS?
- Enthalpy (endothermic vs exothermic)
- Temperature
- Entropy
What does ΔG essentially tell us?
Whether a reaction will occur or not.
What does a Transferase enzyme do?
- Transfers a functional group
What does a hydrolase enzyme do?
- Hydrolysis (breaks bond with H₂O)
What does an oxidoreductase enzyme do?
- Catalyzes REDOX reactions
What does a Lyase enzyme do?
- Catalyzes Elimination reactions
What does a Ligase enzyme do?
- Joins two molecules together
What does an Isomerase enzyme do?
Catalyzes Structure shifts (transfers groups intramolecularly)
What is Saponification?
What functional groups change in these reactions?
What two things are important about saponification?
- Conversion of triglyceride (fats & oils) into fatty acids (lipids)
- Esters → Carboxylic acids
1. How Fatty Acids are produced
2. Soap production
Oxidoreductase enzymes are often found in the _______ (organ) & require _______.
liver; cofactors
What type of enzymes transfer functional groups?
- Transferases
What type of enzymes break bonds using water?
- Hydrolases
What type of enzymes catalyze redox reactions?
- Oxidoreductases
What types of enzymes catalyze elimination reactions?
- Lyases
What type of enzymes catalyze addition reactions?
- Ligases
What type of enzyme is responsible for intramolecular functional groups shifting around?
- Isomerases
What type of enzyme is used in saponification?
- Lyase
What do oxidoreductase enzymes require?
- Cofactors
