Exam I Flashcards
Odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, and boiling point are all what type of properties?
Physical properties
Corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, and toxicity are all what type of properties?
Chemical properties
Cations are _________ than their corresponding atoms.
Smaller
Anions are ________ than their corresponding atoms.
Larger
What element has the lowest ionization energy?
Francium
What element has the highest ionization energy?
Fluorine
What is the most electronegative element?
Fluorine
What is the least electronegative element?
Francium
What ion of Zn is predictable?
Zn⁺⁺
What ion of Sc is predictable?
Sc³⁺
What ion of Ag is predictable?
Ag⁺
What ion of oxygen is most common?
O²⁻
What ion of nitrogen is most common?
N³⁻
What ion of phosphorus is most common?
P³⁻
What is the formula for transition metal cation charge?
- -(anion subscript) (anion charge) / cation subscript
What element has the highest ionization energy and the highest electronegativity?
Fluorine
Which periodic table column can easily gain or lose electrons?
Column 14
_______ Elements exist in nature with single elements as their basic units.
Give an example.
- Atomic
- Na, Mg, or Au, etc. (most elements)
_______ Elements exist in nature as molecules.
Give an example.
- Molecular
- Diatomics: O₂, Cl₂, N₂, etc.
- Polyatomics: P4
Molecular compounds are composed of two or more __________.
Non-metals
Ionic compounds are composed of a ______ and an _______.
- Cation (metal)
- Anion (non-metal)
What formula is used to determine cation charge in transition metals?
Give an example.
- [(anion subscript) x (anion charge)] / cation subscript.
- WO₂ = -[-2 x 2] / 1 = 4 = Tungsten (IV) Oxide
What three elements in lecture were defined as being exceptions to the octet rule?
- Hydrogen (2 e-)
- Boron (6 e-)
- Aluminum (6 e-)
A carbon chain with one carbon has a prefix of…
meth- (ex. methyl)
A carbon chain with two carbons has a prefix of…
eth- (ex. ethyl)
A carbon chain with three carbons has a prefix of…
prop- (ex. propyl)
A carbon chain with four carbons has a prefix of…
but- (ex. butyl)
Regarding stereocenters, atoms are prioritized according to _______ atomic number.
increasing
Regarding stereocenters, would a ethyl group or a methyl group take priority over the other?
Ethyl would take priority
Regarding stereocenters, once atom priority is assigned, what isomer would the structure be if the ordering is clockwise?
R-stereoisomer
Regarding stereocenters, once atom priority is assigned, what isomer would the structure be if the ordering is counter-clockwise?
S-stereoisomer
Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an R stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a dash?
R-stereoisomerism retained.
Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an R stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a wedge?
R changed to S-stereoisomerism
Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an S stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a wedge?
S changed to R-stereoisomerism
Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an S stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a dash?
S-steroisomerism retained.
If priority groups are on the same side of an alkene then the structure is a ___ stereoisomer.
Z-stereoisomer
If priority groups are on opposite sides of an alkene then the structure is a ___ stereoisomer.
E-stereoisomer
What two properties do heterocycles have?
- ↑ H₂O solubility
- ↑ bioavailability
What are the 4 macromolecules and their substituent components?
- Proteins - amino acids.
- Carbohydrates - sugars
- Lipids - fatty acids
- Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
What macromolecules contains the -ose suffix?
Carbohydrates
What oxygenated species is the primary source of energy for the body through metabolism to ATP? What process is this?
- Carbohydrates
- Glycolysis
Differentiate mono, di, & poly-saccharides.
- Monosaccharides - one sugar unit
- Disaccharides - two sugar units
- Polysaccharides - multiple sugar units
Differentiate simple & complex sugars. Give the most pertinent example of a complex sugar.
- Complex sugars have branch chains vs the straight chains of simple sugars and are much more difficult to break down.
- Fiber is a complex sugar
What is the stereoisomerism of all natural sugars?
D-isomerism
Differentiate enantiomers & diastereomers.
- Enantiomers = all stereocenters change between different enantiomeric structures.
- Diastereomers = Minimum of two stereocenters, one stereocenter has to remain the same.
This subset of stereoisomers have all the same physical properties except optical rotation.
Enantiomers
The figure below depicts an example of what type of stereoisomer? Why?
Enantiomer (one stereocenter)
The figure below depicts an example of what type of stereoisomer? Why?
Diastereomer (two stereocenters, one remains in the same orientation)
What is harder to separate out, enantiomers or diastereomers?
Enantiomers
Fischer projections depict the _________ of a sugar as opposed to Haworth projections which depict the _________ of a sugar.
- Open-form
- Closed-form
What type of projection is shown in the figure below?
Is this a D or an L sugar? Why?
- Fischer Projection
- L sugar because the last hydroxyl group is on the left.
What type of projection is shown in the figure below?
Is this a D or an L sugar? Why?
- Fischer Projection
- D-sugar because the last hydroxyl group is on the right.
In the figure below, describe whether each structure has D or L isomerism as well as if the structure is a ketose or an aldose.
- D-sugar (hydroxyl group on right)
- Aldose due to carbonyl group - D-sugar (hydroxyl group on right)
- Ketose due to OH group
What type of projection is depicted in the figure below?
What anomeric position is depicted?
- Haworth projection
- β-anomer (OH group is up on carbon 1)
What type of projection is depicted in the figure below?
What anomeric position is depicted?
- Haworth projection
- α-anomer (OH group is down on carbon 1)
What is the name for the bond that links two individual sugar molecules?
What process breaks this bond?
- Glycosidic bond
- Glycolysis
What type of glycosidic bond is depicted by the red box in the figure below? Why?
β - 1,4 linkage
- The OH group was in the β-anomeric (up) position.
What type of glycosidic bond is depicted by the red box in the figure below? Why?
α - 1,4 linkage
- The OH group was in the α-anomeric (down) position.
Which three functional groups make up amino acids?
- Amine
- Carboxylic Acid
- Side Chain (non-polar, polar, acidic/basic)
What functional group of amino acids gives said amino acids its properties? Elaborate.
Side Chain.
1. Non-polar (hydrocarbons)
2. Polar (alcohols, amides, thiols)
3. Acidic/Basic (carboxylic acids, amines)
What stereoisomerism is depicted by all natural amino acids, D or L ?
L-stereoisomerism
What should be known about the N-terminus of an amino acid?
- First amino acid in peptide sequence w/ amine group.
What should be known about the C-terminus of an amino acid?
- Last amino acid in peptide sequence w/ carboxylic acid group.
Peptide bonds are also known as ______ bonds.
amide
How many amino acid residues are present in a cyclic amino acid with 9 amide bonds?
9 amino acid residues
How many amino acid residues are present in a non-cyclic amino acid with 22 amide bonds?
23 amino acid residues.
What is the primary protein structure?
- amino acid sequence
What is the secondary protein structure?
- α-helices
- β-sheets
What is the tertiary protein structure?
- Unique three-dimensional structure caused by protein folding.
What is the quaternary protein structure?
- Multiple tertiary structures arranged into a larger unit.
What are the four main lipid groups described in lecture?
- Eicosanoids
- Glycerides
- Non-Glycerides
- Complex
These lipids are hormone-like biomolecules synthesized from arachadonic acid.
Eicosanoids.
What Eicosanoid derivatives should be known?
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Thromboxanes
What biological roles do glycerides have?
- Energy storage (↑ than carbs)
- Phospholipid bilayer structure
What are the three subgroups of non-glycerides?
- Sphingolipids
- Steroids
- Waxes
What are the two main subgroups of Complex lipids?
What should be known about each? (from lecture)
- Lipoproteins (HDL:LDL ratio)
- Glycolipids (site for virus to enter cell through membrane).
