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Applied Chemistry > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

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1
Q

Odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, and boiling point are all what type of properties?

A

Physical properties

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2
Q

Corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, and toxicity are all what type of properties?

A

Chemical properties

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3
Q

Cations are _________ than their corresponding atoms.

A

Smaller

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4
Q

Anions are ________ than their corresponding atoms.

A

Larger

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5
Q

What element has the lowest ionization energy?

A

Francium

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6
Q

What element has the highest ionization energy?

A

Fluorine

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7
Q

What is the most electronegative element?

A

Fluorine

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8
Q

What is the least electronegative element?

A

Francium

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9
Q

What ion of Zn is predictable?

A

Zn⁺⁺

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10
Q

What ion of Sc is predictable?

A

Sc³⁺

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11
Q

What ion of Ag is predictable?

A

Ag⁺

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12
Q

What ion of oxygen is most common?

A

O²⁻

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13
Q

What ion of nitrogen is most common?

A

N³⁻

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14
Q

What ion of phosphorus is most common?

A

P³⁻

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15
Q

What is the formula for transition metal cation charge?

A
  • -(anion subscript) (anion charge) / cation subscript
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16
Q

What element has the highest ionization energy and the highest electronegativity?

A

Fluorine

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17
Q

Which periodic table column can easily gain or lose electrons?

A

Column 14

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18
Q

_______ Elements exist in nature with single elements as their basic units.
Give an example.

A
  • Atomic
  • Na, Mg, or Au, etc. (most elements)
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19
Q

_______ Elements exist in nature as molecules.
Give an example.

A
  • Molecular
  • Diatomics: O₂, Cl₂, N₂, etc.
  • Polyatomics: P4
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20
Q

Molecular compounds are composed of two or more __________.

A

Non-metals

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21
Q

Ionic compounds are composed of a ______ and an _______.

A
  • Cation (metal)
  • Anion (non-metal)
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22
Q

What formula is used to determine cation charge in transition metals?
Give an example.

A
  • [(anion subscript) x (anion charge)] / cation subscript.
  • WO₂ = -[-2 x 2] / 1 = 4 = Tungsten (IV) Oxide
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23
Q

What three elements in lecture were defined as being exceptions to the octet rule?

A
  • Hydrogen (2 e-)
  • Boron (6 e-)
  • Aluminum (6 e-)
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24
Q

A carbon chain with one carbon has a prefix of…

A

meth- (ex. methyl)

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25
Q

A carbon chain with two carbons has a prefix of…

A

eth- (ex. ethyl)

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26
Q

A carbon chain with three carbons has a prefix of…

A

prop- (ex. propyl)

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27
Q

A carbon chain with four carbons has a prefix of…

A

but- (ex. butyl)

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28
Q

Regarding stereocenters, atoms are prioritized according to _______ atomic number.

A

increasing

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29
Q

Regarding stereocenters, would a ethyl group or a methyl group take priority over the other?

A

Ethyl would take priority

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30
Q

Regarding stereocenters, once atom priority is assigned, what isomer would the structure be if the ordering is clockwise?

A

R-stereoisomer

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31
Q

Regarding stereocenters, once atom priority is assigned, what isomer would the structure be if the ordering is counter-clockwise?

A

S-stereoisomer

32
Q

Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an R stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a dash?

A

R-stereoisomerism retained.

33
Q

Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an R stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a wedge?

A

R changed to S-stereoisomerism

34
Q

Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an S stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a wedge?

A

S changed to R-stereoisomerism

35
Q

Regarding stereocenters, once an atom is determined to have an S stereoisomerism, what would the structure be if atom 4 is on a dash?

A

S-steroisomerism retained.

36
Q

If priority groups are on the same side of an alkene then the structure is a ___ stereoisomer.

A

Z-stereoisomer

37
Q

If priority groups are on opposite sides of an alkene then the structure is a ___ stereoisomer.

A

E-stereoisomer

38
Q

What two properties do heterocycles have?

A
  1. ↑ H₂O solubility
  2. ↑ bioavailability
39
Q

What are the 4 macromolecules and their substituent components?

A
  1. Proteins - amino acids.
  2. Carbohydrates - sugars
  3. Lipids - fatty acids
  4. Nucleic Acids - nucleotides
40
Q

What macromolecules contains the -ose suffix?

A

Carbohydrates

41
Q

What oxygenated species is the primary source of energy for the body through metabolism to ATP? What process is this?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Glycolysis
42
Q

Differentiate mono, di, & poly-saccharides.

A
  • Monosaccharides - one sugar unit
  • Disaccharides - two sugar units
  • Polysaccharides - multiple sugar units
43
Q

Differentiate simple & complex sugars. Give the most pertinent example of a complex sugar.

A
  • Complex sugars have branch chains vs the straight chains of simple sugars and are much more difficult to break down.
  • Fiber is a complex sugar
44
Q

What is the stereoisomerism of all natural sugars?

A

D-isomerism

45
Q

Differentiate enantiomers & diastereomers.

A
  • Enantiomers = all stereocenters change between different enantiomeric structures.
  • Diastereomers = Minimum of two stereocenters, one stereocenter has to remain the same.
46
Q

This subset of stereoisomers have all the same physical properties except optical rotation.

A

Enantiomers

47
Q

The figure below depicts an example of what type of stereoisomer? Why?

A

Enantiomer (one stereocenter)

48
Q

The figure below depicts an example of what type of stereoisomer? Why?

A

Diastereomer (two stereocenters, one remains in the same orientation)

49
Q

What is harder to separate out, enantiomers or diastereomers?

A

Enantiomers

50
Q

Fischer projections depict the _________ of a sugar as opposed to Haworth projections which depict the _________ of a sugar.

A
  • Open-form
  • Closed-form
51
Q

What type of projection is shown in the figure below?
Is this a D or an L sugar? Why?

A
  • Fischer Projection
  • L sugar because the last hydroxyl group is on the left.
52
Q

What type of projection is shown in the figure below?
Is this a D or an L sugar? Why?

A
  • Fischer Projection
  • D-sugar because the last hydroxyl group is on the right.
53
Q

In the figure below, describe whether each structure has D or L isomerism as well as if the structure is a ketose or an aldose.

A
  1. D-sugar (hydroxyl group on right)
    - Aldose due to carbonyl group
  2. D-sugar (hydroxyl group on right)
    - Ketose due to OH group
54
Q

What type of projection is depicted in the figure below?
What anomeric position is depicted?

A
  • Haworth projection
  • β-anomer (OH group is up on carbon 1)
55
Q

What type of projection is depicted in the figure below?
What anomeric position is depicted?

A
  • Haworth projection
  • α-anomer (OH group is down on carbon 1)
56
Q

What is the name for the bond that links two individual sugar molecules?
What process breaks this bond?

A
  • Glycosidic bond
  • Glycolysis
57
Q

What type of glycosidic bond is depicted by the red box in the figure below? Why?

A

β - 1,4 linkage
- The OH group was in the β-anomeric (up) position.

58
Q

What type of glycosidic bond is depicted by the red box in the figure below? Why?

A

α - 1,4 linkage
- The OH group was in the α-anomeric (down) position.

59
Q

Which three functional groups make up amino acids?

A
  1. Amine
  2. Carboxylic Acid
  3. Side Chain (non-polar, polar, acidic/basic)
60
Q

What functional group of amino acids gives said amino acids its properties? Elaborate.

A

Side Chain.
1. Non-polar (hydrocarbons)
2. Polar (alcohols, amides, thiols)
3. Acidic/Basic (carboxylic acids, amines)

61
Q

What stereoisomerism is depicted by all natural amino acids, D or L ?

A

L-stereoisomerism

62
Q

What should be known about the N-terminus of an amino acid?

A
  • First amino acid in peptide sequence w/ amine group.
63
Q

What should be known about the C-terminus of an amino acid?

A
  • Last amino acid in peptide sequence w/ carboxylic acid group.
64
Q

Peptide bonds are also known as ______ bonds.

A

amide

65
Q

How many amino acid residues are present in a cyclic amino acid with 9 amide bonds?

A

9 amino acid residues

66
Q

How many amino acid residues are present in a non-cyclic amino acid with 22 amide bonds?

A

23 amino acid residues.

67
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A
  • amino acid sequence
68
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A
  • α-helices
  • β-sheets
69
Q

What is the tertiary protein structure?

A
  • Unique three-dimensional structure caused by protein folding.
70
Q

What is the quaternary protein structure?

A
  • Multiple tertiary structures arranged into a larger unit.
71
Q

What are the four main lipid groups described in lecture?

A
  1. Eicosanoids
  2. Glycerides
  3. Non-Glycerides
  4. Complex
72
Q

These lipids are hormone-like biomolecules synthesized from arachadonic acid.

A

Eicosanoids.

73
Q

What Eicosanoid derivatives should be known?

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
  • Thromboxanes
74
Q

What biological roles do glycerides have?

A
  1. Energy storage (↑ than carbs)
  2. Phospholipid bilayer structure
75
Q

What are the three subgroups of non-glycerides?

A
  1. Sphingolipids
  2. Steroids
  3. Waxes
76
Q

What are the two main subgroups of Complex lipids?
What should be known about each? (from lecture)

A
  • Lipoproteins (HDL:LDL ratio)
  • Glycolipids (site for virus to enter cell through membrane).

Applied Chemistry (10 decks)

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