Module 3: Energy Transformations Flashcards
When large rock fragments scrape the ground in glaciers they cause
glacial striations
<p>elastic rebound theory posits that continuing \_\_\_\_ along the fault results in a build up of \_\_\_\_\_\_ which is released in an earthquake</p>
<p>stress, energy</p>
<p>What does elastic deformation do?</p>
<p>it stores energy in the form of potential energy</p>
<p>mantle plumes are...</p>
<p>sources of hot swelling rock that come up through the Earth's crust</p>
<p>What do mantle plumes produce?</p>
<p>- volcanic island chains
-</p>
<p>hot spots track...</p>
<p>plate movement</p>
<p>what does elastic mean in the context of rocks and earthquakes?</p>
<p>rocks can bend and snap back to their original state</p>
<p>What are the two broad categories of earthquake waves?</p>
<p>1. Surface waves
2. Body waves</p>
<p>What are the two types of body waves?</p>
<p>- P waves
- S waves</p>
<p>P waves are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ waves</p>
<p>compressional</p>
<p>When P waves are emitted they travel in \_\_\_\_\_\_ directions including deep into the Earth</p>
<p>all</p>
<p>S waves can travel through...</p>
<p>any solid</p>
<p>the wave motion of S-waves is...</p>
<p>perpendicular to travel direction</p>
<p>What are s-waves called?</p>
<p>shear waves</p>
<p>Tensional force is a force that is...</p>
<p>pulling a rock apart</p>
<p>Shear is a force that is...</p>
<p>sliding past a rock</p>
<p>a reverse fault forms as a result of, and in response to...</p>
<p>compressional stress</p>
<p>a thrust fault forms in response to...</p>
<p>compressional stress</p>
magma that has more silica (felsic) has a _____ viscosity
higher
magma that has less silica (mafic) has a _____ viscosity
lower
the nature of volcanic eruption depends on…
dissolved gas content
what type of volcanoes do convergent boundaries tend to form?
stratovolcanoes (silica-rich magma)
where do shield volcanoes tend to form?
along divergent boundaries
How does solar radiation drive the Earth’s processes?
Photosynthesis and the water cycle
How do thermal plumes result in effusive mafic eruptions?
Magma contains large volumes of dissolved gases. When they reach the surface, the pressure drops and the gases are released
How does the partial melting of subducted oceanic plates result in explosive felsic eruptions?
The partial melting of rocks becomes felsic magma and mafic residue as the minerals are dissolved from the heat.
How does magma interacting with overlying ice result in ash clouds?
When low viscosity, felsic magma comes in contact with ice, it cools quickly and solidifies forming volcanic glass. This glass then shatters in the atmosphere causing ash clouds.
How does thermal expansion form mountains?
Rocks expand when they are heated. Some mountain ranges and plateaus are high simply because the crust and upper mantle beneath them are higher in temperature.
How does the boiling point of water affect the Earth’s systems?
The boiling point of water decreases as air pressure decreases/is boiled at a higher altitude. If it had a lower boiling point, the amount of liquid water would be reduced.
How does the density of water affect the Earth’s systems?
Ice is less dense than water, and therefore floats (also causes convection)
How does the thermal capacity of water affect the Earth’s systems?
This prevents organisms from absorbing or losing too much heat to the surrounding environment
How water’s ability to act as a solvent affect the Earth’s systems?
All biological processes in the cell require reactants to be dissolved in water
What does the El Niño cycle look like?
What does the El Niño cycle look like?
What does the El Niño cycle look like?
What can treated wastewater be used for?
Firefighting, dust control, irrigation cooling water, household and processing water for industry
