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EES Prelims > Module 1: Earth's Resources > Flashcards

Module 1: Earth's Resources Flashcards

1
Q

The Outer Core is a _____.

A

solid

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2
Q

an example of an isotope is?

A

K-Ar clock

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3
Q

What are the 7 properties of a mineral?

A
  1. luster
  2. crystal structure
  3. hardness
  4. Cleavage
  5. Color
  6. Streak
  7. Taste, magnetism, density
    low density- float, high density- sink
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4
Q

How do we classify the hardness of a mineral?

A

The Mohs hardness scale. 1- 10. 1 soft, 10 hard. The wya you determine the hardness of you muster minerals is you would test it against one of the known minerals not the scale. 1- Talc. 3- Calcite. 7- quartz. 10- diamond. If the mineral socrates your mystery mineral that means that the mineral is harder than your mystery mineral.

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5
Q

Cleavage _____ are a way to identify minerals

A

planes

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6
Q

______ is the size of a rocks individuals mineral grains

A

Grain size

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7
Q

Metamorphic rocks are altered from their original rock due to these two factors…

A

high temperatures or high pressures

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8
Q

Igneous rocks are categorized by their…

A

grain size and silica content

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9
Q

We can group igneous rocks based on these two factors

A

mineral composition and rate of cooling

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10
Q

What are two felsic rocks?

A

Granite and Rhyolite

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11
Q

What are the two Mafic rocks?

A

Gabbro and basalt

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12
Q

What are the two intermediate igneous rocks?

A

Diorite and Andesite

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13
Q

The process of sediment being reconstituted into rock is..

A

lithification

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14
Q

How do we categorize clastic rocks?

A

according to the size of the sediments that they are made of

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15
Q

What are the two main types of biogenic rocks?

A
  • bioplastic limestone
  • coal
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16
Q

What conditions can metamorphism occur?

A
  • high temperatures (>150C <800C)
  • high pressures
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17
Q

What can speed up metamorphism?

A

when pore fluids are present

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18
Q

How does foliation form?

A

When rocks are compressed in one direction.
Often the mineral grains themselves will align perpendicular to the force.

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19
Q

What are the four main types of foliated metamorphic rocks? (from low to high grade)

A
  1. Slate
  2. Phyllite
  3. Schist
  4. Gneiss
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20
Q

Why don’t non-folitated rocks align themselves into layers?

A

Because they are formed from heat, rather then pressure

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21
Q

What are the names of two non-foliated rocks?

A

Marble and Quartzite

22
Q

______ weathering is the breakdown of rock through physical processes like stress and strain

A

mechanical

23
Q

What is freeze-thaw action?

A

When water freezes in the crack of rock it expands and breaks open the crack more

24
Q

What are some examples of the products of weathering?

A

Sand, silt, and clay

25
Q

What is humus?

A

decaying organic matter

26
Q

What is the distinct characteristic of the O-Horizon?

A

is a mixture of organic matter

27
Q

What is the distinct characteristic of the E-Horizon?

A

It is a light-colored layer marked by removal of soluble material

28
Q

What is the distinct characteristic of the B-Horizon?

A

it is the maximum accumulation of clay minerals

29
Q

What is the distinct characteristic of the C-Horizon?

A

It is the parent rock that has not been weathered yet

30
Q

What meteorite evidence is there to demonstrate differences in density and composition of the structure of the Earth?

A

Meteorites are divided into stony, iron and stony-iron meteorites. Within stony meteorites, chondritic meteorites have small droplets of silicates and are radiometrically dated to be the solar system’s oldest materials. There are also slightly younger achondritic meteorites (dispersed silicate materials)

31
Q

What do zircon crystals tell us about the age of the Earth?

A

Zircon (ZiSiO4) is a highly resistant mineral present everywhere in the crust. As zircons can survive geologic processes like erosion, transport, and even high-grade metamorphism, they contain a rich and varied record of geological process.

32
Q

How are the Earths layers composed? (layers and thickness)

A

Lithosphere (crust and tectonic plates) - 100km, asthenosphere - 700km, mesosphere - 2885 km, outer core - 5155km, inner core - 6371 km
In order of thinness to thickest - Mesosphere, outer core, inner core, asthenosphere, lithosphere

33
Q

What methods of classifying rocks and minerals are used by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?

A

Rocks and minerals are classified according to their physical and chemical properties and usefulness.
- E.g for cutting, axes, grindstone, paint, etc.

34
Q

How are relative dating techniques used?

A

Relative Dating techniques compare rock layers to determine which is older. It relies on two basic facts:
- Sedimentary rocks form in layers, with the youngest being above the oldest
- Fossils are the same age as the rock layers in which they are found - INDEX FOSSILS

35
Q

What are some Aboriginal traditional quarrying and mining methods?

A
  • Mining was by hand and primitive tools.
  • Mineral and rock deposits of high quality were selectively exploited and had high social and economic value, consequently, great effort was put into their exploitation.
  • Communities owned and had exclusive rights for resources in their country, but were responsible for that resource.
  • Minerals and rocks were traded over great distances. Resources were processed on site and at the market by expert craftspeople
36
Q

Where is coal usually found?

A

Generally Carboniferous and Permian, usually near (current or former) coasts.

37
Q

Where is petroleum and natural gas usually found?

A

Ancient marine matter in ocean sedimentary basins

38
Q

Where is iron usually found?

A

Ancient ocean sediments from the early Proterozoic during first photosynthesis

39
Q

Where are metal sulfides usually found?

A

Ancient subduction zones forming volcanic mountains

40
Q

Where are mineral sands usually found?

A

Near the coast

41
Q

How are Australia’s non-renewable resources important to the economy?

A

Exports and employment

42
Q

What are some methods of finding resources?

A

Remote sensing and direct sampling
(basically magnetic, radiometric and gravity surveys)
- Airborne magnetic, radioelement and elevation surveys
- Ground gravity surveys
- Airborne gravity surveys
- Airborne electromagnetic surveys
- Hyperspectral data

43
Q

When is open-pit mining used?

A

when the resource is near the surface or unsuitable for tunnelling, and/or the crust structure is too unstable for other methods

44
Q

When is underground mining used?

A

when extracting hard rock minerals, such as metal ores, coal or precious gems

45
Q

Do felsic rocks have high or low melting point?

A

Low (think: covalent molecules, no metals)

46
Q

How do airborne magnetic surveys work?

A

Airborne magnetic survey involves measurements of the magnetic field of the earth from the air using magnetometer installed in an aircraft. The purpose is to detect small changes in the geomagnetic field related to differences in rock magnetisation beneath the survey area

47
Q

How do airborne radioelement surveys work?

A

Radiometric spectrometry uses measured gamma rays to determine elements from decay

48
Q

How do elevation surveys work?

A

They are surveys which measure the topography of the area

49
Q

What law states that in an undisturbed stack of sediment layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom and the youngest is at the top?

A

The law of superposition

50
Q

What law states that when first deposited, sediment is always laid down in extensive horizontal layers?

A

The law of original horizontality

51
Q

What law states that any continuous geological structure that cuts another geological structure is the younger structure?

A

The law of cross-cutting relationships

EES Prelims (5 decks)

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