Module 3 Chemical Reactions Flashcards
What are 6 reaction types?
- Acid/Base
- Substitution
- Elimination
- Addition
- REDOX
- Isomerization
Transfer of protons from one species to another
Acid/Base Reaction
Switching one group for another
Substitution
Removing a group completely from the molecule
Elimination
Adding a group to the molecule
Addition
Changing the oxidation state of a group on a molecule
REDOX
Rearrangement of groups within the same molecule
Isomerization
What are 3 reaction components?
- Nucelophile
- Electrophile
- Catalysts
What can receive electrons to form new bonds. They are electron poor species.
Electrophile
Carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, alkynes
What are electron rich species?
Examples?
Nucleophile
Anions, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, alkynes
What is used to help increase the rate at which a reaction occurs?
Catalyst
________ donate electrons.
Nucleophile
_______ receive eletrons
Electrophile
Neutral to negative the atom is an ______
Electrophile
Neutral to positive, the atom is an ______
Nucleophile
Name the 3 substitution reactions
- Nucleophilic
- Aromatic
- Acyl
Is an alkene a nucleophile or electrophile?
It can be both, just depends on the reaction.
What is oxidation?
What is reduction?
Oxidation is loss of electrons (H+) or increase in the number of bonds to O or N.
Reduction is gain of electron (H+) or decrease in the number bonds to O or N.
What are the 6 classes of enzymes?
- Transferase
- Hydrolase
- Oxidoreductase
- Lyase
- Ligase
- Isomerase
Enzyme that transfer functional groups
Transferase
Enzyme that breaks bonds using water (hydrolysis)
Hydrolase
Enzyme that catalyze REDOX reactions
Oxidoreductase
Enzyme that catalyze elimination reactions
Lyase
Enzyme that joins two molecules together
Ligase
Enzyme that catalyze structural shifts (intramolecular group transfer)
Isomerase
What is the Bronsted-Lowrey definition of an acid and base?
An acid is a proton donor
A base is a proton acceptor
What is the Lewis definition of an acid and base?
An acid is an electron pair acceptor
A base is a electron pair donor
What is nucleophilic substitution?
Addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an electron poor species (electrophile)
What is an aromatic substitution?
Substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group excluding oxygen or nitrogen.
What is an acyl substitution?
Addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an amide, esters, or carboxylic acids
Two hallmarks to an elimination rxn?
- Removal of a group
- Double or triple bond formation
Addition reactions usually involve _______ and _______.
Acyl substitution reactions involve ______, _________, and ________.
Aldehyde and Ketones (Addition Reactions)
Amides, Esters, and Carboxylic Acids (Substitution Reactions)
Adding an OH to an aromatic ring is considered a ___________ reaction.
REDOX
What kind of reaction is the very first step of glycolysis?
Isomerization
In order for a process to be favored to work, Delta G needs to be _________.
Negative (aka spontaneous reaction)
What does a catalyst do?
Increase reaction rate by lowering energy of activation.
A catalyst will allow the reaction to go through alternate pathway.
Catalyst do not appear in the product and are not consumed during the process.
What are the main type of catalyst in biological systems?
Enzymes
What are the differences between fibrous and globular proteins?
Fibrous Proteins - structural, found in cell membranes and transport groups.
Globular Proteins- more spherical in nature, less rigid in their structure and can undergo confirmation changes.
What are the characteristics of enzymes?
- Efficiency - work better than typical chemical catalyst.
- Specificity- specific for individual chemical processes.
- Well Regulated- adaptive to different metabolic, environmental conditions. Knows when to turn off.
What is Delta S? How does this relate to enzymes?
Entropy, a measure of disorder. The most important factor for enzymes, enzymes work by creating more disorder in their enzymatic structure.
What are co-factors?
They are non-protein components that are required to allow an enzyme to perform its role.
They bind within enzyme to promote enzymatic processes.
What are two types of cofactors and give examples?
Inorganic Ions (Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Mb)
Organic (Coenzymes)- derived from vitamins, NADH, Niacin, Thiamin, Folic Acids, Vitamin D, Riboflavin, Vitamin C.
A favored reaction = __________
A disfavored reaction = _________
spontaneous
non-spontaneous
What enzyme is involved with nucleophilic substitution reactions?
Transferases
What enzyme is involved with acyl substitution?
Hydrolases
Ex: Ester to carboxylic acid
What enzyme is involved with redox reactions?
Oxidoreductase
What enzyme is involved with elimination reactions?
What enzyme is involved with addition reaction?
What enzyme is involved with isomerization?
Lyase
Ligase
Isomerase
