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Module 3 > Module 3: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 3: Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
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2
Q

What is the function of the CNS?

A

Integrates signals and preforms higher cognitive functions

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3
Q

What do neurons do in the CNS?

A
  1. Neurons are excitable cells that transmit electrical signals for communication via synapses
  2. Basic functional unit of the NS
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4
Q

What do neuroglia do in the CNS?

A
  1. Supporting cells, more numerous than neurons
  2. Support and insulate
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5
Q

What is white matter made of?

A

Myelinated axons/fibers

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6
Q

What is grey matter made of?

A

Cell bodies (somas) and dendrites

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7
Q

What are the two types of grey matter?

A
  1. Cerebral cortex (outer grey)
  2. Basal nuclei (deep in white matter)
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8
Q

What are the 3 types of white matter?

A
  1. Association fibres
  2. Commissural fibres
  3. Projection fibres
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9
Q

What are association fibres?

A

Connect different parts of the same hemisphere

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10
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Connect grey areas of two different hemispheres

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11
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

Vertical tracts that connect the cerebral cortex with subcortical structures. Sensory information enters and motor commands leave through these fibers.

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12
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Deep groove

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13
Q

What are the left and right hemispheres separated by?

A

Longitude Fissure

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14
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

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15
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

Site of motor cortex

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16
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus?

A

Site of the primary sensory cortex

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17
Q

What regions are next to the central sulcus?

A
  1. precentral gyrus
  2. postcentral gyrus
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18
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Primary motor area
  2. Voluntary movements
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19
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A
  1. Primary somatosensory areas
  2. proprioception - awareness of self
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20
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory cortex

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21
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual lobe

22
Q

What are motor areas?

A

Controls voluntary movements

23
Q

What are sensory areas?

A

Conscious awareness of sensation

24
Q

What are association areas?

A

Connects MA and SA, multiple input and output

25
Q

What does the right side of the brain control?

A

how we are in the world, touch, spatial awareness, artistic, left eye

26
Q

What does the left side of the brain control?

A

speech, writing, maths, logical processes and the right eye

27
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A
  1. second largest brain structure
  2. hemispheres connected by the vermis
  3. folds termed folia
  4. connected to the brainstem via the cerebellar peduncles
28
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A
  1. Equilibrium
  2. balance
  3. co-ordination

all happens subconsciously

29
Q

What is in the diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
30
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A
  1. Many groups of nuclei that relay different types of sensory information
  2. ‘gatekeeper’ to the cortex
  3. motor and limbic connections to the cortex
31
Q

What are the 7 functions of the Hypothalamus?

A
  1. Homeostasis
  2. Autonomic
  3. emotions
  4. body temp
  5. food intake/thirst
  6. sleep-wake cycles
  7. hormone control
32
Q

What is the function of the Epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland - melatonin, day/night cycles

33
Q

What is in the brainstem?

A
  1. midbrain (mesencephalon)
  2. pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
34
Q

What is the midbrain (mesencephalon)?

A
  1. contains nuclei for visual/auditory information
  2. controls reflexes associated with senses
35
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Respiration

36
Q

what is the directionality of the pons neurons?

A

ascending and descending, and transverse to link the cerebellum

37
Q

what is the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. most inferior
  2. joins spinal cord at foramen magnum of skull
  3. autonomic reflex centre
38
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cylindrical extension of medulla oblongata
  2. enclosed in vertebral column (42 cm long)
  3. two-way communication between brain and body
  4. Major reflex centre, initiated and completed
39
Q

what are the features of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Conus medularis
  2. cauda equina
  3. fillum terminal
40
Q

What does the dorsal root control

A

Sensory

41
Q

What does the ventral root control

A

Motor

42
Q

what are the 3 levels of protection for the CNS?

A

meninges
blood brain barrier
cerebrospinal fluid

43
Q

what are the 3 major types of meninges?

A

dura mater (superficial)
arachnoid mater (middle)
pia mater (innermost)

44
Q

where else are the 3 meninges found?

A

around the spinal cord

45
Q

what are the features of the dura mater?

A

1 double-layered, outer layer fused to the periosteum

  1. Dual venous sinuses between 2 layers (collect venous blood)
  2. Dural folds (septa)
46
Q

what are the features of the arachnoid mater?

A
  1. Trabeculae attach to pia
  2. CSF in subarachnoid space
47
Q

what are the features of pia matter?

A
  1. follows contours of gyri and sulci
  2. rich with small blood vessels
48
Q

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

A
  1. protects from harmful substances and pathogens
  2. serves as a selective barrier to prevent passage of many substances from the blood into the brain
49
Q

what does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do?

A
  1. protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries
  2. carries oxygen/glucose/substances from blood to nervous tissue cells
50
Q

how many ventricles does the CSF have?

A
  1. lateral ventricle x2
  2. third ventricle
  3. fourth ventricle
51
Q

what disease can occur if the basal nuclei breakdown?

A

Parkinson’s

Module 3 (7 decks)

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