Module 3: Cardiovascular Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiac embryology What do the following parts contribute to: 1. Sinus venosus 2. Atrium 3. Ventricle 4. Bulbus cordis 5. Truncus arteriosus
A
- Smooth wall of right atrium
- Rough wall of right and left atrium
- Rough part of left ventricle
- Outflow tracts of both ventricles and rough part of right ventricle
- Roots of aorta and pulmonary trunk
2
Q
Cardiac embryology
- Between what days does the folding of the heart tube occur?
- What are the 5 stages of atrial septation?
- What 3 things form the ventricular septum?
- What 4 things make up the tetralogy of fallot?
A
- 22-24 days
- Septum primum, ostium primum, ostium secundum, septum secundum and foramen ovale
- Muscle, membrane and endocardial cushion
- Pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, over-riding aorta and VSD
3
Q
Cardiac embryology What do the following aortic arches form: 1. 3rd arch 2. 4th arch 3. 6th arch
A
- Common and internal carotid arteries
- Right: part of subclavian artery
Left: part of the aortic arch - Pulmonary arteries
Left: ductus arteriosus
4
Q
- What two things are the cusps in the atrioventricular valves attached to?
A
- Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
5
Q
- What 3 things allow for circulation in utero to occur?
- What causes these 3 things to constrict/close?
- What 4 things opens the ductus arteriosus?
- What 2 things close the ductus arteriousus?
A
- Ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
- Aeration of lungs
- Hypoxia, pressure, prematurity and prostaglandin
- Bradykinin and indometacin
6
Q
What are the 4 domains when looking at developmental delay?
A
- Gross motor
- Fine motor and vision
- Speech, language and hearing
- Social, emotional and behavioural
7
Q
- Is the resting membrane potential of cells electropositive or electronegative?
- The permeability of which 2 ions causes depolarisation?
- The permeability of which ion causes repolarisation?
A
- Electronegative
- Na+ and Ca2+
- K+
8
Q
Cardiac embryology
- What week does the cardiogenic mesoderm form?
- What does the longitudinal embryonic disc folding do to the developing heart tube?
- What are the 5 parts of the primitive heart tube (in order)?
A
- Mid week 3
- Turns it 180 degrees
- Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus
9
Q
What processes do the following waves on an ECG represent:
- P wave
- Q wave
- R and S waves
- T wave
A
- Atrial depolarisation
- Septal depolarisation
- Ventricular depolarisation
- Ventricular repolarisation
10
Q
- What are the 3 main phases of the cardiac cycle?
- What is the 1st phase broken into? (1 thing)
- What is the second phase broken into? (3 things)
- What is the third phase broken into? (3 things)
A
- Diastole, systole and diastole (ventricular)
- Atrial systole
- Isovolumetric contraction, rapid ejection and reduced ejection
- Isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling and diastasis
11
Q
- What causes the first heart sound?
2. What causes the second heart sound?
A
- Closing of AV valves
2. Closing of semi-lunar valves
12
Q
- Name one efferent blood vessel…
- Name one afferent blood vessel…
- What is stroke volume?
- What is cardiac output?
- What is mean arterial blood pressure?
A
- Artery
- Vein
- The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one beat
- The volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute
- The average pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the major arteries
13
Q
- What is the equation for mean arterial blood pressure?
A
- MABP = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
14
Q
- What is the “ABC” of operant conditioning?
2. What are the 6 main steps in the stages of change cycle?
A
- Antecedent stimulus, behaviours and consequence
1. Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse
15
Q
- What is in the core of a lipoprotein? Give 2 examples
- What is on the surface of a lipoprotein?
- To lower cholesterol levels, what do you reduce the intake of? (4 things)
- To lower cholesterol levels, what do you increase the intake of? (2 things)
A
- Hydrophobic lipids: triglycerides and cholesterol
- Hydrophilic lipids
- Saturated fats, trans fatty acids, cholesterol and sugars (if sugar sensitive)
- Soluble fibres and fish
16
Q
What do the following lipoproteins carry and what is their journey?
- Chylomicron
- VLDL
- HDL
- LDL
A
- TG: from gut to tissues
- TG and cholesterol: from liver to tissues
- Cholesterol: from tissue to liver
- Cholesterol: remaining in circulation
17
Q
- What is dyslipidemia?
A
- A disorder of lipoprotein metabolism
18
Q
- What are the 4 main drugs for hypertension?
A
- ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers and alpha blockers
19
Q
- What do ACE inhibitors end in?
- What do angiotensin receptor antagonists end in?
- What do most calcium channel blockers end in? What is this group called?
A
- “Pril”
- “Sartan”
- “Dipine”: dihydropyridines
20
Q
- Name 3 major types of diuretics…
- What do diuretics decrease?
- Where exactly do they decrease it?
A
- Thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics and potassium-sparing diuretics
- Decrease sodium and water reabsorption
- In the nephron of the kidney
21
Q
- What is the equation for blood pressure?
- What is an aneurysm?
- What is atheroma?
- What are the 4 recognisable stages of atheroma?
A
- Blood pressure = CO x TPR
- Abnormal permanent focal dilatation of an artery
- Intima disease of large and medium arteries
- Fatty streak, lipid plaque, fibrolipid plaque and complicated atheroma
22
Q
Define the following:
- Sinus bradycardia
- Sinus tachycardia
- Sinus arrhythmia
- Atrial fibrillation
A
- Normal sinus rhythm slowed down
- Normal sinus rhythm sped up
- Regularly irregular sinus rhythm
- Irregularly irregular rhythm
23
Q
Define the following:
- 1st degree heart block
- 2nd degree heart block: type 1
- 2nd degree heart block: type 2
- 3rd degree heart block
A
- P-R interval longer than 0.2 secs
- P-R interval progressively longer until one P wave is blocked
- P-R interval constant but some P waves not conducted to the ventricles
- P-R interval random and all impulses from atria are blocked by AV node
24
Q
Define the following:
1. Ectopics
A
- Premature contractions
25
Q
- What is an embolus?
- What is a thrombus?
- Clot formation involves the interaction of which 4 things?
A
- An object from another part of the body that obstructs blood flow
- A blood clot
- Vessels, platelets, clotting factors and fibrinolytic system
26
Q
How do the following affect the vessels role in haemostasis:
- Vitamin C deficiency
- Nitric oxide, nitrates
- Excess corticosteroid
- Genetic defects
A
- Less collagen produced = less clotting
- Increased vasodilation
- Reduced production of collagen
- Defects in collagen production
27
Q
- Name one thing that can trigger the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade…
- Name one thing that can trigger the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade…
- Name 3 anti-coagulants…
- Name 4 anti-platelets…
A
- Collagen
- Tissue factor 3
- Unfractionated heparin, low molecular weight heparin and warfarin
- Aspirin, dipyridamole, P2Y(ADP) receptor antagonists and GP2b/3a inhibitors
28
Q
- Name 4 lipid lowering agents…
A
- Statins, fibrates, resins and ezetimibe
29
Q
- What is oedema?
- What are 4 causes of oedema?
- What kind of oedema does left hand side heart failure cause?
- What kind of oedema does right hand side heart failure cause?
- What does Starlings forces govern?
A
- When net fluid movement exceeds lymphatic drainage
- Increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic blockage and increased capillary permeability
- Pulmonary oedema
- Peripheral oedema (pitting oedema)
- Fluid movement between plasma and interstitial compartment
30
Q
What 5 drugs can you use to treat heart failure?
A
ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, aldosterone receptor antagonists, nitrates and digoxin
