Module 3: Cardiovascular Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
Cardiac embryology What do the following parts contribute to: 1. Sinus venosus 2. Atrium 3. Ventricle 4. Bulbus cordis 5. Truncus arteriosus
A
- Smooth wall of right atrium
- Rough wall of right and left atrium
- Rough part of left ventricle
- Outflow tracts of both ventricles and rough part of right ventricle
- Roots of aorta and pulmonary trunk
2
Q
Cardiac embryology
- Between what days does the folding of the heart tube occur?
- What are the 5 stages of atrial septation?
- What 3 things form the ventricular septum?
- What 4 things make up the tetralogy of fallot?
A
- 22-24 days
- Septum primum, ostium primum, ostium secundum, septum secundum and foramen ovale
- Muscle, membrane and endocardial cushion
- Pulmonary stenosis, RV hypertrophy, over-riding aorta and VSD
3
Q
Cardiac embryology What do the following aortic arches form: 1. 3rd arch 2. 4th arch 3. 6th arch
A
- Common and internal carotid arteries
- Right: part of subclavian artery
Left: part of the aortic arch - Pulmonary arteries
Left: ductus arteriosus
4
Q
- What two things are the cusps in the atrioventricular valves attached to?
A
- Chordae tendinae and papillary muscles
5
Q
- What 3 things allow for circulation in utero to occur?
- What causes these 3 things to constrict/close?
- What 4 things opens the ductus arteriosus?
- What 2 things close the ductus arteriousus?
A
- Ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale
- Aeration of lungs
- Hypoxia, pressure, prematurity and prostaglandin
- Bradykinin and indometacin
6
Q
What are the 4 domains when looking at developmental delay?
A
- Gross motor
- Fine motor and vision
- Speech, language and hearing
- Social, emotional and behavioural
7
Q
- Is the resting membrane potential of cells electropositive or electronegative?
- The permeability of which 2 ions causes depolarisation?
- The permeability of which ion causes repolarisation?
A
- Electronegative
- Na+ and Ca2+
- K+
8
Q
Cardiac embryology
- What week does the cardiogenic mesoderm form?
- What does the longitudinal embryonic disc folding do to the developing heart tube?
- What are the 5 parts of the primitive heart tube (in order)?
A
- Mid week 3
- Turns it 180 degrees
- Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus
9
Q
What processes do the following waves on an ECG represent:
- P wave
- Q wave
- R and S waves
- T wave
A
- Atrial depolarisation
- Septal depolarisation
- Ventricular depolarisation
- Ventricular repolarisation
10
Q
- What are the 3 main phases of the cardiac cycle?
- What is the 1st phase broken into? (1 thing)
- What is the second phase broken into? (3 things)
- What is the third phase broken into? (3 things)
A
- Diastole, systole and diastole (ventricular)
- Atrial systole
- Isovolumetric contraction, rapid ejection and reduced ejection
- Isovolumetric relaxation, rapid ventricular filling and diastasis
11
Q
- What causes the first heart sound?
2. What causes the second heart sound?
A
- Closing of AV valves
2. Closing of semi-lunar valves
12
Q
- Name one efferent blood vessel…
- Name one afferent blood vessel…
- What is stroke volume?
- What is cardiac output?
- What is mean arterial blood pressure?
A
- Artery
- Vein
- The volume of blood ejected from the heart in one beat
- The volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute
- The average pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the major arteries
13
Q
- What is the equation for mean arterial blood pressure?
A
- MABP = cardiac output x peripheral resistance
14
Q
- What is the “ABC” of operant conditioning?
2. What are the 6 main steps in the stages of change cycle?
A
- Antecedent stimulus, behaviours and consequence
1. Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and relapse
15
Q
- What is in the core of a lipoprotein? Give 2 examples
- What is on the surface of a lipoprotein?
- To lower cholesterol levels, what do you reduce the intake of? (4 things)
- To lower cholesterol levels, what do you increase the intake of? (2 things)
A
- Hydrophobic lipids: triglycerides and cholesterol
- Hydrophilic lipids
- Saturated fats, trans fatty acids, cholesterol and sugars (if sugar sensitive)
- Soluble fibres and fish