Module 2: Respiratory Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
What is the sensory nerve supply of the following:
- Pharyngotympanic tube?
- Nasopharynx?
- Oropharynx?
- Laryngopharynx?
A
- Pharyngotympanic tube: CN 9
- Nasopharynx: CN 9 and 5b
- Oropharynx: CN 9
- Laryngopharynx: CN 9 and 10
2
Q
- How many pharyngeal constrictor muscles are there?
- What is their motor supply?
- What are the names of the 5 longitudinal internal muscles of the pharynx?
- The motor supply for all of these is CN 10 except for which two?
- What is the motor supply for these two?
A
- 3 muscles (superior, middle and inferior)
- Motor supply = CN 10
- Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, salpingopharyngeus, stylopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus
- Tensor veli palatini and stylopharyngeus
- Tensor veli palatini = CN 5c
Stylopharyngeus = CN 9
3
Q
- In which direction do you pull the pinna in adults?
- In which direction do you pull the pinna in children?
- What are the names of the ossicles from lateral to medial?
A
- Adults: postero-superiorly
- Children: postero-inferiorly
- Malleus, incus and stapes
4
Q
- What is the name of the middle ear muscle that inserts into the neck of the malleus and what is its nerve supply?
- What is the name of the middle ear muscle that inserts into the neck of the stapes and what is its nerve supply?
A
- Tensor tympani = CN 5c
2. Stapedius = CN 7
5
Q
- What are the other two names for the pharyngotympanic tube?
- What are the two types of otitis media? Give the common name for one of them…
A
- Eustachian and auditory
2. Acute suppurative otitis media and secretory otitis media (glue ear)
6
Q
- What is antigenic shift and what percentage of amino acid sequence change occurs?
- What is antigenic drift and what percentage of amino acid sequence change occurs?
A
- Random spontaneous mutation in viral genes encoding HA and NA = 1-2% change
[HA=haemagglutinin
NA= neuraminidase] - Genetic re assortment between human and non-human viruses leading to new subtype = >20% change
7
Q
- During which weeks does a septum grow to divide the tracheal bud from the oesophagus?
- What week does the respiratory epithelium begin to develop?
- What is the nerve supply of the parietal pleura of the lungs?
- Which nerves run anterior to the hilum?
- Which nerves run posterior to the hilum?
A
- Septum: weeks 4-5
- Epithelium: week 26+
- Phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5)
- Phrenic nerves
- Vagus nerves
8
Q
- Name 3 pre-linguistic types of communication…
A
- Crying, smiling and gestures
9
Q
- Why are the 2 zones on the pathway of gas exchange?
2. What is dead space and what are the two types? Which is morphological and which is functional?
A
- Conducting zone and respiratory zone
- Dead space = volume of air not participating in gas exchange
Anatomical dead space: morphological
Physiological dead space: functional
10
Q
Out of oxygen and carbon dioxide…
- Which has small partial pressure gradients?
- Which is 20x more soluble?
A
- Carbon dioxide
2. Carbon dioxide
11
Q
What 3 factors explained in Fick’s law, influence the rate of a gas?
A
- Rate proportional to surface area of tissue
- Rate is inversely proportional to tissue thickness
- Rate depends on diffusion constant and on gas physical characteristics
12
Q
- In hypercapnia, what do bronchioles do and why?
2. In hyopoxia, what do pulmonary arterioles do and why?
A
- Bronchioles dilate to improve air flow
2. Pulmonary arterioles constrict to reduce flow and redirect blood to better perfumed areas
13
Q
- What percentage of blood is physically dissolved?
- What percentage of blood is bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells?
- What two things does haemoglobin contain?
- What is the difference between adult and fetal haemoglobin?
A
- = 1.5%
- = 98.5%
- Haem = Fe2+ containing molecule
globin = 4 polypeptide chains - Adult Hb: 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
Fetal: 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains
14
Q
- Oxygen binds to iron in what state?
2. Give 3 properties of the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve…
A
- Ferrous state (Fe2+)
2. Sigmoid curve, allosteric shape change and co-operative binding
15
Q
Define the following:
- O2 pressure
- O2 capacity
- O2 content
- O2 saturation
A
- O2 pressure: amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma
- O2 capacity: amount of oxygen bound to Hb
- O2 content: amount of oxygen dissolved + amount of oxygen bound
- O2 saturation: % of available binding sites bound to oxygen
16
Q
- What 4 factors reduce oxygen-Hb affinity and help unload oxygen to tissues?
- What shift does this cause in the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve?
A
- Acidic pH, increased PaCO2, raised body temperature and 2,3 biphosphoglycerate
- Right hand shift