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GLPH 385 > Module 3: Biotechnologies, Bionics and Cyborgs > Flashcards

Module 3: Biotechnologies, Bionics and Cyborgs Flashcards

1
Q

Biohackers

A

-focuses on the less technical aspect and often involves working outside of traditional medicine

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2
Q

Biopharma

A

-biotechnology-based development of drugs

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3
Q

Bioengineering

A

-refers to implanted technology and bionics

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4
Q

Motivations for biotechnology in the context of aging

A

-remain active
-moderate impacts of aging

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5
Q

Remain active

A

-older adults may use biotechnology to help them remain socially, intellectually, and physically active

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6
Q

Moderate impacts of aging

A

-older adults facing challenges in terms of mobility, vision, hearing, etc. may wish to moderate the impacts of these challenges using biotechnology

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7
Q

Bioengineering examples

A

-implants
-bionic prostheses
-3D printing and wearable robotics

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8
Q

Implants

A

-cochlear implants
-retinal implants
-pacemakers
-neurological implants

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9
Q

Bionic prostheses

A

-joint replacements
-bionics
-cyborgs

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10
Q

3D printing and wearable robotics

A

-3D printed organs
-3D printed limbs
-exosuits

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11
Q

What are different types of implants

A

-cochlear implants
-artificial vision
-pacemakers
-neurological implants

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12
Q

Cardiac implants

A

-pacemaker
-implantable cardioverter defibrillators

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13
Q

Pacemaker

A

-small device implanted in the chest to monitor an individuals heart rate
-when irregular heart rate is detected, electrical impulses will be sent from the device to the individuals heart in order to stimulate a normal rate of contraction

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14
Q

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators

A

-developed to prevent sudden cardiac death
-can respond to sudden life-threatening irregularities in cardiac rhythm by delivering a shock to reset the hearts rhythm back to a normal pace

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15
Q

Neurological implants

A

-brain computer interface (BCI)

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16
Q

BCIs for communication

A

-can read people with paralysis’s intentions directly from the brain and using that information to control external devices or move paralyzed limb s

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17
Q

BCIs for mobility

A

-have been utilized to control robotic arms by targeting brain signals from the cortex

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18
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

-involves use of an electromagnetic coil that is placed on the scalp of an individual
-produces a magnetic field which can then stimulate specific areas of the brain

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19
Q

Neurohacking

A

-form of biohacking
-DIY neuroimplant

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20
Q

Potential issues with neural implants

A

-risk of seizure
-risk of vision distortion
-risk of infection

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21
Q

Risk of seizure

A

-due to relatively strong current required to activate target neurons, activating multiple electrodes at once risks triggering a seizure

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22
Q

Risk of vision distortion

A

-activating neighbouring electrodes can stimulate the tissue between them, fusing 2 discrete visual points and blurring vision

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23
Q

Risk of infection

A

-implanted biotechnology could result in scarring of the surrounding brain tissue, possibly leading to an infection

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24
Q

Joint replacements

A

-surgical procedure in which an arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface is replaced with an orthopedic prosthesis

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25
Q

Bionics

A

-refer to the replacement of a limb or body part by an artificial limb or part that is electronically or mechanically powered

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26
Q

Cyborgs

A

-refer to a person whose physiological functioning is aided by or dependent upon a mechanical or electronic device

27
Q

What are the 3 most common joint replacements performed

A

-knee
-hip
-shoulder

28
Q

Material of joint replacements

A

-ceramic on ceramic is actually most popular because metal rubs together and releases ions into the bloodstream

29
Q

What are the 3 most common types of bionic limbs

A

-bionic legs
-bionic arms
-bionic hands

30
Q

Challenges associated with bionics

A

-attachment
-control
-sensation

31
Q

Attachment of bionics

A

-can be challenging to design a bionic limb that is both secure when attached to the body but also comfortable

32
Q

Control of bionics

A

-control can be challenging, especially if you are looking for neurological control which allows for seamless movement of the limb

33
Q

Sensation of bionics

A

-most do not yet have a way to sense different stimuli in the environment

34
Q

Examples of bionic limbs

A

-i-Limb quantum
-MIT biomechatronics group
-utah knee

35
Q

Difficulties older adults have with traditional prostheses

A

-usage
-pain

36
Q

Usage difficulties with prosthetics

A

-can be difficult to use, heavy, and frustrating, so much that many choose to use a wheelchair instead

37
Q

Pain with prosthetics

A

-stump pain, pressure ulcers, and infections can lead older adults to discontinue use after initial interest

38
Q

Limb transplants

A

-replaces missing body part with a real limb from donor
-transplantation requires immunosuppressants and carries risk of rejection

39
Q

What is a cyborg

A

-complete integration of technology into a biological system so that the technology is a full part of the body with 2 way communication to the nervous system

40
Q

3D printed organs

A

-biotechnology is almost at the point where actual human organs can be bioprinted, using a patients own cells rather than synthetic materials

41
Q

Organizations providing 3D printed prosthetics around the world

A

-enabling the future
-exceed
-project daniel

42
Q

Enabling the future

A

-volunteer organization that provides open-source plans for volunteers to print, assemble, and distribute free 3D printed upper limbs to those in need

43
Q

Cyborg beast

A

-prosthetic arm designed to appeal to children by mimicking superhero

44
Q

Exceed

A

-has addressed the shortage of trained people around the world to fit prosthetic devices and train other to use them

45
Q

Project daniel

A

-provides 3D printed prosthetic limbs to amputees and also trains locals to use the 3D printers to continue printing limbs for their communities

46
Q

3D printed skin

A

-university of toronto has developed a handheld 3D printer that can print synthetic skin directly onto wounds

47
Q

What is biological microelectromechanical systems

A

-BioMEMS
-can be incorporated into artificial skin in order to help make prosthetics more realistic

48
Q

Examples of wearable robotics

A

-soft robotic glove
-robotic shoulder support
-keeogo knee braces

49
Q

Soft robotic glove

A

-was developed to assist in the rehabilitation after a stroke by using inflatable chambers to move the users fingers at low cost compared to in clinic tools

50
Q

Robotic shoulder support

A

-uses inflation to lift the arm and strengthen the shoulder

51
Q

Keeogo knee braces

A

-monitors lower body position, interprets your intended movement, and then the motors by your knee help you along the way
-does not initiate any movement, you are in control

52
Q

Considerations for exosuits

A

-expensive
-decreased mobility
-long wait times

53
Q

Expensive

A

-cost of exosuits can be tens of thousands of dollar

54
Q

Decreased mobility

A

-can cause slow walking speeds, some individuals are unable to turn when wearing the suit

55
Q

Long wait times

A

-slow transition from prototype to end users, which means there is a long wait time before they are made commercially available

56
Q

What are cosmeceuticals

A

-cosmetic products with bioactive ingredients purported to have medical benefits

57
Q

What are some of the newer forms of nanocosmeceuticals

A

-liposomes
-niosomes
-solid lipid nanoparticle
-nanostructured lipid carriers
-nanoemulsions
-gold nanoparticles

58
Q

Liposomes

A

-for the delivery of fragrances, vitamins and for anti-aging creams

59
Q

Niosomes

A

-for anti wrinkle and whitening creams, hair repairing shampoos

60
Q

Solid lipid nanoparticle

A

-composed of biodegradeable and physiological lipids that exhibit low toxicity and are used in sunscreens and day creams

61
Q

Nanostructured lipid carriers

A

-high drug loading capacity for entrapped bioactive compound and also have fewer side effects than SLN

62
Q

Nanoemulsions

A

-used in deodorants, shampoos, and hair conditioners

63
Q

Gold nanoparticles

A

-help with blood circulation, has anti-inflamatory and antiseptic properties, improving firmness and elasticity of skin, delaying aging process, and vitalizing skin metabolism

64
Q

Potential issues with nanoparticles

A

-long and short term side effects are unclear
-some with poor solubility have been shown to cause cancer and can exhibit more pronounced toxicity
-inhalation can occur from application to the lips
-since they are generally categorized as aesthetic products they often avoid the testing required for over the counter drugs

GLPH 385 (6 decks)

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