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biology > Module 3 - Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Module 3 - Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

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2
Q

What are lipids made up of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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3
Q

What are proteins made up of

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

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4
Q

What are polar molecules

A

molecules with regions of negativity and regions of positivity

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5
Q

What are hydroxyl groups

A

organic molecules that contain oxygen and hydrogen. They are slightly polar

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6
Q

Is water a polar molecule

A

yes

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7
Q

Does water have a high boiling point

A

yes

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8
Q

Water has cohesive properties - what does this mean?

A

it moves as one mass because the molecules are attracted to each other (this is cohesion)

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9
Q

Water has adhesive properties - what does this mean?

A

water molecules are attracted to other materials

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10
Q

Why is water important for life?

A

water acts as a solvent where many solutes in organisms can dissolve, it is a coolant, habitat and transport medium

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11
Q

name 4 solutes

A

polar molecules, amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids

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12
Q

Water is an efficient transport medium

A

especially in plants (cohesion)

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13
Q

the effects of adhesion and cohesion result in water exhibiting what?

A

capillary action - water can rise up a narrow tube against the force of gravity

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14
Q

Water acts as a coolant - what does this mean?

A

it buffers temperature changes during chemical reactions, maintains temp in cellular environments

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15
Q

Carbohydrates are also known as what?

A

saccharides or sugars

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16
Q

what is a single sugar unit known as?

A

a monosaccharide

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17
Q

name 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose, fructose, ribose

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18
Q

when two monosaccharides join what do they form

A

a disaccharide

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19
Q

name 2 examples of a disaccharide

A

lactose, sucrose

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20
Q

when two or more monosaccharides are linked they form what type of polymer?

A

a polysaccharide

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21
Q

give 3 examples of a polysaccharide

A

glycogen, cellulose, starch

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22
Q

what is the chemical formula of glucose

A

C6H12O6

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23
Q

what type of sugar is glucose?

A

a hexose monosaccharide (hexose sugar)

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24
Q

what does alpha glucose look like?

A

H at the top, OH at the bottom. CH20H in the top left, O in the top right

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25
Q

what does beta glucose look like?

A

OH at the top, H at the bottom. CH2OH in the top left, O in the top right

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26
Q

what is the name of the covalent bond that forms between two glucose molecules?

A

glycosidic bond

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27
Q

what type of reaction creates a glycosidic bond? why?

A

a condensation reaction - because a water molecule is formed as one of the products

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28
Q

what type of sugars are fructose and galactose?

A

hexose monosaccharides

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29
Q

glucose + glucose =

A

maltose

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30
Q

fructose + glucose =

A

sucrose

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31
Q

galactose + glucose =

A

lactose

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32
Q

what are pentose monosaccharides

A

sugars that contain 5 carbon atoms

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33
Q

name 2 pentose monosaccharides

A

ribose, deoxyribose

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34
Q

many alpha molecules joined by glycosidic bonds form what?

A

starch

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35
Q

name one polysaccharide found in starch

A

amylose

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36
Q

how is amylose formed

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds of alpha glucose

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37
Q

three properties of amylose:

A

twists to form a helix with H bonds, compact, less soluble

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38
Q

how is amylopectin formed

A

1-4, 1-6 glycosidic bonds of alpha glucose

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39
Q

what type of structure does amylopectin have

A

branched structure

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40
Q

what is the energy storage molecule for starch in animals and fungi?

A

glycogen

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41
Q

two properties of glycogen:

A

more branches than amylopectin, more compact - less space needed for it to be stored

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42
Q

why is branching for glycogen and amylopectin good?

A

there are many free ends for glucose molecules to be added or removed. makes storing and releasing glucose faster

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43
Q

why is branching for glycogen and amylopectin good?

A

there are many free ends for glucose molecules to be added or removed. makes storing and releasing glucose faster

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44
Q

what type of reaction does glucose undergo to be used for respiration?

A

hydrolysis reaction - addition of water molecules

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45
Q

what is the only way that beta glucose molecules can join?

A

one has to be flipped upside down

46
Q

what is formed through the joining of beta glucose molecules?

A

a straight chain molecule called cellulose

47
Q

are lipids polar or non-polar?

A

non-polar

48
Q

are lipids soluble in water?

A

no

49
Q

how are triglycerides made?

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

50
Q

what is the name of the group of molecules that fatty acids belong to?

A

carboxylic acids

51
Q

what do carboxylic acids consist of?

A

a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a hydrocarbon chain

52
Q

what are ester bonds and how do they form?

A

they are three water molecules and bonds between the fatty acids and the glycerol molecule. Esterification

53
Q

what type of reaction is esterification?

A

a condensation reaction

54
Q

what is the feature of a saturated fatty acid chain?

A

no double carbon bonds

55
Q

what is the feature of an unsaturated fatty acid chain?

A

double bonds between some carbon atoms

56
Q

what does the presence of double bonds cause?

A

causes the molecule to kink or bend

57
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

modified triglycerides

58
Q

what 4 elements do phospholipids contain?

A

phosphorus, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

59
Q

are tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

60
Q

are heads hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophilic

61
Q

what are the roles of lipids?

A

membrane formation, hormone production, electrical insulation (myelin sheath), waterproofing e.g. bird wings, cushioning for vital organs

62
Q

what test is used to identify lipids?

A

emulsion test

63
Q

how is an emulsion test conducted?

A

sample mixed with ethanol > mixed with water + shaken > if white emulsion forms on top, lipids are present

64
Q

what bonds are formed when amino acids are made?

A

peptide bonds

65
Q

what is formed when many amino acids joined by peptide bonds join together?

A

a polypeptide

66
Q

what are the 4 types of protein structures?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

67
Q

what is primary structure?

A

sequence of amino acids. determines the function of an AA, decides how it is folded

68
Q

what is secondary structure?

A

hydrogen bonds form in the chain, coil shape formed called alpha helix

69
Q

what is tertiary structure?

A

includes sections of secondary structure, folding brings R-groups of different amino acids closer

70
Q

what is quaternary structure?

A

van der Waals bonds between subunits. interactions are the same as tertiary, but they are between difference protein molecules

71
Q

what type of reaction breaks down peptides?

A

hydrolysis reaction - it reforms the amine and carboxylic acid groups

72
Q

name 3 features of globular proteins

A

compact, water soluble, spherical shape

73
Q

how are globular proteins formed?

A

when proteins fold into tertiary structure

74
Q

name 3 examples of globular proteins

A

insulin, conjugated proteins, haemoglobin

75
Q

what are conjugated proteins?

A

globular proteins that contain a non-protein prosthetic group

76
Q

name an example of a prosthetic group:

A

haem groups (contain iron 11 ion/Fe2+)

77
Q

what structure does haemoglobin have?

A

quaternary structure, two alpha and two beta subunits. Haem group has an affinity for oxygen

78
Q

how are fibrous proteins formed?

A

formed from long, insoluble molecules

79
Q

name 3 examples of fibrous proteins:

A

keratin, elastin, collagen

80
Q

what is the function of keratin

A

strength and support for hair, skin and nails. forms disulphide bonds/bridges

81
Q

what is the function of elastin

A

found in elastic fibres - give flexibility to walls of blood vessels and alveoli

82
Q

what is the function of collagen

A

connective tissue found in skin, tendons, ligaments, nervous system. flexible, long and strong

83
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

84
Q

what is a nucleic acid made up of?

A

pentose sugar, phosphate group (negatively charged acidic inorganic molecule –> -PO42-), nitrogenous base

85
Q

what does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

86
Q

what are pyrimidines?

A

smaller bases, single carbon ring structures

87
Q

what are purines?

A

larger bases, double carbon ring structures

88
Q

what bases are pyrimidines?

A

thymine, cytosine

89
Q

what bases are purines

A

adenine, guanine

90
Q

what is the role of RNA?

A

transferring of genetic information from DNA to proteins that make up enzymes and tissues

91
Q

what does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

92
Q

what is the structure of RNA?

A

ribose (pentose sugar), thymine replaced with uracil (pyrimidine), phosphate group

93
Q

what does uracil bond with?

A

adenine

94
Q

how do RNA nucleotides form polymers?

A

the formation of phosphodiester bonds in condensation reactions (same as DNA)

95
Q

what does DNA polymerase do in semi-conservative replication?

A

catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

96
Q

what does genetic code mean?

A

the coding of a sequence of amino acids

97
Q

what is a triplet code?

A

a sequence of three bases, known as a codon

98
Q

what does each codon code for?

A

an amino acid

99
Q

what is a gene?

A

a section of DNA that codes for a protein/amino acid

100
Q

what is degenerate code?

A

an amino acid that can be coded for by more than one codon

101
Q

what is transcription?

A

base sequences of genes are copied and transported to a ribosome

102
Q

what does transcription produce

A

shorter molecules of RNA

103
Q

what is the function of mRNA?

A

mRNA binds to specific site on ribosome. mRNA is decoded/translated into a sequence of amino acids

104
Q

what is tRNA and what is it necessary for?

A

another form of RNA, needed for the translation of mRNA

105
Q

what 3 types of activity do cells require energy for?

A

synthesis for proteins, transport of molecules/ions, movement for muscle contraction

106
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

107
Q

what is ATP composed of?

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, 3 phosphate groups

108
Q

how does ATP release energy?

A

weak bond broken holding the last phosphate group

109
Q

what is the equation for a hydrolysis reaction involving ATP?

A

ATP + H2O –> ADP + Pi + energy

110
Q

what does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

111
Q

what is Pi?

A

inorganic phosphate

112
Q

what are the properties of ATP?

A

small - easily moves in and out of cells
water soluble
contains bonds between phosphates with intermediate energy
releases energy in small quantities - stops wasting of energy
easily regenerated - can be recharged with energy

biology (8 decks)

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