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BIO121 Midterm 1 > Module 3 - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Module 3 - Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Biodiversity is often described on three levels:

A
  1. ecosystem diversity describes variety of habitats present
  2. species diversity is a measure of number of species and the number of individuals of each species present
  3. genetic diversity refers to the total amount of genetic variability present
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2
Q

Discipline of systematics

A

scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and the relationships among them

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3
Q

What are the three sub-disciples of systematics:

A
  1. taxonomy
  2. nomenclature
  3. phylogenetics
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4
Q

Taxonomy

A

theory and practice of classifying organisms into taxa within a hierarchy (classification of life)

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5
Q

Nomenclature

A

scientific names are produced for taxa to provide common ground where specific taxa can be communicated (naming organisms)

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6
Q

Phylogenetics

A

study of the evolutionary history of relationships of organisms

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7
Q

How was scala naturae (scale of nature) for taxonomy first order by?

A

based on complexity of structure and ability to move (based on modes of transportation)

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8
Q

What is the modern classification list?

A

(ranked from broad to more specific)
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species

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9
Q

What are the 3 traits of class mammalia? (all mammals have)

A
  • hair (insulation, aid in sensory touch)
  • mammary glands (milk)
  • 3 ear bones (transmissions of vibrations from eardrum to inner ear)
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10
Q

what are the 3 domains:

A
  • Bacteria (prokarya)
  • Archea (prokarya)
  • Eukarya
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11
Q

Characteristics of Bacteria (Pro)

A
  • circular chromsome
  • peptidoglycans in cell wall
  • membrane lipids ester-linked (bonds not branched)
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12
Q

Peptidoglycans

A

composed of carbohydrates cross-linked by peptides (2 or more amino acids linked in chain)

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13
Q

Characteristics of Archea (Pro)

A
  • has circular chromosomes
  • no peptidoglycans in cell wall
  • membrane lipids are ether-linked (stronger bond, more resistant to extreme temperature)
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14
Q

Rules for binomial nomenclature system:

A
  • each type of organism has only one name
  • no two kinds of organisms bear the same name
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15
Q

Change in scientific names

A

Scientific names may change but the species authority and genus authority do not (original person and year
- bracket = name change

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of extant mammals?

A
  • Placentals (eutheria): have a placenta
  • Marsupials (metatheria): Live birth
  • Monotremes (Prototheria): lay eggs, no live birth
17
Q

What does the Law of Priority state?

A

if a genus or species has been accidentally given two names, only the earlier one is valid
- later name becomes a “junior synonym”

18
Q

Holotype

A

single specimen designated as the name-bearing type of a species when it was established (by original author)
- representative of whole group
- holotype for each species

19
Q

Allotype vs Paratype

A

Allotype: specimen of the opposite sex to the holotype (second most important specimen)
Paratype: specimen of the type series other than the holotype (offspring of holotype)

20
Q

Where are type specimens kept?

A

they must be preserved permanently and may not be living plants or cultures
- people need to compare them

21
Q

What are species?

A

organisms classified based on their appearance (morphological species concept)
- Morphology: outward appearance and the form and structure of the internal parts
- identify species by morphological features

22
Q

What can you not apply the biological species concept to?

A
  1. fossils
  2. asexually reproducing individuals
23
Q

Biological species concept

A

interbreeding natural populations whose individuals are reproductively isolated
- for them to be the same species they have to produce viable offspring (not hybrids)
- based on natural population not human interference

24
Q

Ecological species concept

A

species defined in terms of their ecological niches, focusing on unique adaptations (what does it need to survive?)

25
Q

Interbreeding

A

sharing a common gene pool and must produce viable offspring (not hybrid)

26
Q

What types of barriers prevent reproduction between two species?

A
  1. prezygotic reproductive barriers - prevent mating of fertilization (if they do mate, no fertilization)
  2. postzygotic reproductive barriers - prevent development of fertile adults
27
Q

Prezygotic reproductive barriers

A
  1. Habitat isolation
  2. Temporal isolation
  3. behavioral isolation
  4. mechanical isolation
  5. gamete isolation
28
Q

Habitat isolation

A

species may occupy different habitats, so they don’t come in contact with each other (separate by type of environment)
Ex. garter snakes live in moist meadows and open grassy patches and ribbon snakes live in shallow water

29
Q

Temporal isolation

A

species have different mating or flowering season or times of day, become sexually mature at different times of year
Ex. field crickets co exist but have different breeding seasons

30
Q

Behavioural isolation

A

little or no sexual attraction between males and females of different species due to difference in behaviour
Ex. bird species use different songs to attract mates

31
Q

Sympatric

A

Species co existing with one another

32
Q

Conspecifics vs No conspecifics

A

conspecifics: everything of the same species
no conspecifics: everything that is not of the same species

33
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

structural difference in genitalia or flowers prevent copulation/pollen transfer between two species (they can try but nothing will happen)
- adapted to specific pollinators
Ex. certain flowers are visited by bumblebees others by birds

34
Q

Gamete isolation

A

male and female gametes die before uniting or fail to unite
- released but can’t penetrate
- by random chance if they get fertilized

35
Q

Postzygotic reproductive barriers

A
  1. Hybrid inviability
  2. Hybrid sterility
  3. Hybrid breakdown
36
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity
- produce offspring but can’t survive
- not compatible for environment

37
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

hybrids fail to produce functional gametes (sterile)
- has no function or reproductive system

38
Q

Hybrid breakdown

A

offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile
- first generation will survive but second generation will be weak

BIO121 Midterm 1 (6 decks)

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