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Animals and Us > Module 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Module 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is biodiversity not evenly distributed?

A

Tropics account for 40% but are host to 80% of the worlds biodiversity

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2
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Geographic barrier

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3
Q

What is parapatric speciation?

A

Partial spatial isolation

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4
Q

What is peripatric speciation?

A

Isolation at the periphery

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5
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Genetic polymorphism/reproductively isolated

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6
Q

What are high risk scenarios for extinction?

A

Narrow geographic range
One of few populations
Small population
Island habitat

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7
Q

What are consequences of exticntion?

A

Loss of biodiversity
Decrease water and air quality
Increased extreme weather events and climate change
Loss of cultures

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8
Q

What is the IUCN Red list?

A

An indicator fro the health of the world’s biodiversity

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9
Q

What are th top three threats to biodiversity in Australia?

A
  1. Invasive species
  2. Ecosystem modification
  3. Agriculture
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10
Q

What are some reasons for habitat loss?

A

Development
Clearing land for agriculture
Water diversion
Logging

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11
Q

What is a consequence of fragmentation?

A

Lack of movement among fragments increases inbreeding and decreased genetic diversity

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12
Q

What is an example of habitat loss?

A

Tigers have lost habitat due to palm oil production putting them in closer proximity with humans

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13
Q

What is habitat degradation?

A

When habitat conditions decline

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14
Q

What causes habitat degradation?

A

Pollution, human recreation and nutrient loading

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15
Q

What is resource overxploitation?

A

Hunting, fishing or collecting so many individuals from a species that it can no longer reproduce quickly enough

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16
Q

What is an example of climate change impacts on animals?

A

Elephants have less food as fruiting events occur less often as they need lower temperatures

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17
Q

What are invasive species?

A

Introduced or non-native species which become overpopulated

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18
Q

What are characteristics of invasive species?

A

Fast growth
Rapid reproduction
High dispersal ability
Adapt well to human modified ecosystems

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19
Q

What is an example of a non-invasive introduced species?

A

The cabomba weevil that is used to reduce the cabomba weed in Australia

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20
Q

What are the three scales of conservation?

A

Species approach
Ecosystem approach
Hotspot approach

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21
Q

What are distinctive species?

A

Species only in its genus or family

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22
Q

What are utilitarian species?

A

Species that have utility or value to people

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23
Q

What are keystone species?

A

Species that play a crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions

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24
Q

What are flagship species?

A

Species that act as ambassadors or symbols

25
Q

What are bioindicator species?

A

Species that are useful targets for observing the health of an ecosystem

26
Q

What are umbrella species?

A

Species selected for making conservation-related decision

27
Q

What is an example of species approach conservation?

A

The black robin had 7 birds left in the wild, they were moved to a more suitable environment and implemented conservation techniques such as feeding stations to supplement diet, currently over 300 black robins

28
Q

What does ex-situ mean?

A

Off site

29
Q

What does in-situ mean?

A

On site

30
Q

What makes an area a hotspot?

A

Has to have more than 1500 plants which are endemics and has to have less than 30% of original plants

31
Q

What is the edge effect?

A

Edges of the areas experience elevated disturbance which in turn reduces the size of natural population

32
Q

Which shape minimises the edge effect?

A

Round shapes

33
Q

What is citizen science?

A

Getting citizens involved with identifying animals on camera

34
Q

What are camera traps?

A

Remote digital cameras that take photos or videos when a sensor is triggered by the movement of an animal

35
Q

What are the benefits of camera traps?

A

Wildlife friendly
Can watch an area for weeks to months
Less expensive

36
Q

What are the benefits of GPS?

A

Remotely observe relatively fine-scale movement and migratory patterns

37
Q

What are accelerometers?

A

Small battery powered sensors that record acceleration in 3 spatial axes

38
Q

What is utilitarianism?

A

Activities that have an adverse impact on some may be justified if it leads to a net increase in welfare for the majority

39
Q

What is deontology?

A

Morality is based on whether an action is right or wrong rather than the consequences of the action

40
Q

What is contractarianism?

A

Ethical obligations originate in mutual agreements or contract between people

41
Q

What is relational view?

A

Ethical importance of relationship between animals and humans

42
Q

What is respect for nature?

A

We have a duty to protect not just individual animals but the species to which they belong

43
Q

What is the moral classification of animals?

A
  1. Sentient - aware of their existence
  2. Sentient - not self aware
  3. Inanimate - objects and insentient organisms
44
Q

What does sentience mean?

A

The capacity to experience suffering and pleasure

45
Q

What is speciesim?

A

A prejudice in favour of the interests of one’s own species over those of other species

46
Q

Who must be on an animal ethics committee?

A

Veterinarian
Animal researcher
Person with a demonstrated commitment to animal welfare
Independent who does not fit the other categories

47
Q

What are the three Rs for animal ethics?

A

Replace - the use of animals whenever possible
Reduce - the number of animals needed
Refine - tests to cause animals the least amount of distress

48
Q

What are the five things in the five domain model?

A

Nutrition
Environment
Health
Behaviour
Mental health

49
Q

What is natural behaviour?

A

Behaviour typically observed in the wild which allows an individual to survive more easily

50
Q

What is normal behaviour?

A

Natural or unnatural behaviour which promotes success and survival and is appropriate to the situation

51
Q

What is unnatural behvaiour?

A

Behaviour not seen in the wild but is not necessarily abnormal if it promotes success in their environment

52
Q

What is abnormal behaviour?

A

Behaviour rarely seen in the wild and does not promote success or survival

53
Q

What are the 7 types of enrichment?

A

Food, structural, social, cognitive, noise, scents, novel objects

54
Q

What are the steps to designing enrichment?

A

Setting goals
Planning
Implementing
Documenting
Evaluating
Re-adjusting
SPIDER

55
Q

What was the brown dog affair?

A

A live brown dog was operated upon in order to find out how certain procedures would affect it

56
Q

What were the results of the brown dog affair?

A

The anti-vivisection society said the procedure was cruel and unlawful whilst university staff said that the research led to the discovery of hormones

57
Q

What are the three broad
categories of intervention for human wildlife conflict?

A

Wildlife, habitat and separation, and people

58
Q

What is an example of overexploitation?

A

Over harvesting of the North sea Cod

Animals and Us (2 decks)

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