Module 1 - Relationships Between Human and Animal Health Flashcards
What does heterotrophic mean?
Animals which cannot create their own food and depend on other organisms
What does eukaryotic mean?
Organisms with membrane bound organelles
What is gastrulation?
When immature stem cells differentiate into the three primordial germ layers
What is the biological classification of organisms called?
Taxonomic hierarchy
What is phylogeny?
Grouping of organisms based on evolutionary descent
What is the taxonomic hierarchy?
Life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
How do you remember taxonomic hierarchy?
Luckily Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
What is the domestication of animals?
The evolutionary process of changing animal behaviour, morphology and genetics
What were the first animals to be domesticated?
Dogs
Why were the first animals domesticated?
For companionship
What is naturally occurring domestication?
When animals started hanging around humans for their own benefit
What are some examples of naturally occurring domestication?
Cats, birds and rats
What is an affiliative relationship?
Strong emotional attachment which assists positive wellbeing
What is a companion animal?
Domesticated animal whose needs can be met as companions in the home
What is selective breeding?
Choosing parents with particular traits and breeding from those
What are the indirect values of animals?
Ecosystem functioning
Balance of ecosystems
What are the direct values of animals?
Provide products and service to humans for economic value
Tourism
What are the cultural values of animals?
Cultures around the world have different values for certain animals
What is zoonosis?
The transmission of disease between animals and humans
What are rickettsial?
Cause by ticks and mites
What is cyclozoonoses?
> 1 vertebrate host but no invertabrate
What is metazoonoses?
Vertebrate and invertebrate host
What is saprozoonoses?
Vertebrate host and non-animal phase such as soil
What is anthropozoonosis?
Animal –> Human
What is amphixenosis?
Animal <–> Human
What is zooanthroponosis?
Animal <– Human
Where do zoonotic diseases emerge from?
- Live animal markets
- Intensive wildlife farming
- Wildlife hunting
- Domestic animals
What is one health?
It is considerations at a global scale
Human, environmental and animal health are all inextricably linked
What was the main function of zoos before the 19th century?
Used as a symbol of royal power
When and where was the first zoo created?
In 3500BC in Egypt
What was a menagerie?
A collection of captive animals frequently exotic kept for display
What was the main function of zoos after the 19th century?
Zoological gardens became more popular and more available to the public
What was the historic approach of zoos?
To get as many animals to entertain people
What is the current approach of zoos?
Focusing on conservation and human experience to inspire guests to have an impact
What is physiology?
The study of animal function and mechanisms
How do animals impact human hearts?
Lower resting heart rate and blood pressure, better recovery after heart attack
How do animals impact human lungs and skin?
- Animal dander can trigger asthma and allergies
- Having a pet as a child associated with reduced risk of allergic reactions
How do animals impact human stress hormones?
- Reduction in cortisol in school children visited by dogs
- 60 minutes of human canine interactions significantly reduce stress level
What is cortisol?
Stress hormone that regulates range of systems
What is epinephrine?
Also know as adrenalin is a stress hormone causing faster heart rate, clammy skin
What negative impacts do humans have on animal physiology?
- Destruction of habitats
- Poaching
- Production industries
- Neglect
What positive impacts do humans have on animal physiology?
- Vet care
- Increase of dopamine in animal after positive interaction
- Petting reducing stress in animals
What is psychology?
The study of mind and behaviour
What impacts do animals have on human psychology?
- Increased physical activity
- Reducing stress and anxiety
- Boosting self confidence
- Helping meet new people
What is animal assisted therapy (AAT)?
Animals which assist in therapy for humans to improve social, emotional and cognitive function
What is structured AAT?
Intervention with specific goals and objectives and delivered by health professionals
What is unstructured AAT?
Volunteer animal handlers and group settings not linked to health professionals
What are some problems of AAT?
- Possessive behaviour at the end of session
- Does not work for people who fear animals
- Grief reaction when session ends or animal dies
How do we measure animal mental health?
Through the use of physical signs, symptoms and behaviours
What are stereotypies?
Highly repetitive, functionless behaviour often as a sign of poor welfare
