Module 3: Anatomy of Microorganisms Flashcards
____ refers to any cell that contains a clearly-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells
____ refers to any unicellular organism that does not contain a membrane bound nucleus or organelles.
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells are found in ____ (4).
- animals
- plants
- fungi
- protist cells
Prokaryotic Cells are found in ___ (2).
- bacteria
- archaea
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells divide?
- Eukaryotes - Mitosis
- Prokaryotes - Binary Fission
The name Domain Eukaryota or Eukarya comes from the Greek words: (2)
- eu - true
- karyon - nut or kernel
Enumerate eukaryotic cell structures. (14)
- Cell Wall & Pellicle
- Chloroplasts
- Cilia & Flagella
- Cytoplasmic Matrix
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, & Microtubules
- Mitochondria
- Nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Plasma Membrane
- Ribosomes
- Vacuole
___ is a structure that strengthens and gives shape to the cell.
Cell Wall
___ is a structure for photosynthesis, the trapping of light energy and the formation of carbohydrates from CO2 and water.
Chloroplasts
___ is a structure for cell movement.
Cilia and Flagella
____ is the environment for other organelles; the location of many metabolic processes.
Cytoplasm or Cytoplasmic Matrix
___ is a structure for the transport of materials, proteins, and lipid synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
___ is a structure for the packaging and secretion of materials for various purposes; lysosome formation.
Golgi Apparatus
___ is a structure for intracellular digestion.
Lysosome
___ are structures for cell structure and movements and form the cytoskeleton.
Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, and Microtubules
___ is a structure for energy production through the use of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and other pathways.
Mitochondria
___ is a structure for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis; ribosome construction.
Nucleolus
___ is a structure that is a repository or stores genetic information; the control center of the cell.
Nucleus
___ is a structure for mechanical cell boundary; selectively permeable barrier with transport systems; mediates cell-to-cell interactions and adhesion to surfaces; secretions.
Plasma Membrane
____ are structures for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
___ is a structure for temporary storage and transport, digestion (food), and water balance (contractile).
Vacuole
The name Prokaryotes or Procaryotes is coined from the two Greek words: (2)
- pro - before
- karyon - nut or kernel
Enumerate prokaryotic cell structures. (11)
- Capsules and Slime Layers
- Cell Wall
- Endospore
- Fimbriae and Pili
- Flagella
- Gas Vacuole
- Inclusion Bodies
- Nucleoid
- Periplasmic Space
- Plasma Membrane
- Ribosomes
___ are structures for the resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces.
Capsules and Slime Layers
___ gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions.
Cell Wall
___ is a structure for survival under harsh environmental conditions.
Endospore
___ is a structure for the attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating.
Fimbriae and Pili
___ is a structure that provides the power of motility or self-propulsion.
Flagella
___ is a structure that provides buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments.
Gas Vacuole
___ are structures for the storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances.
Inclusion Bodies
___ is a structure for the localization of genetic material (DNA).
Nucleoid
___ is a structure that contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake.
Periplasmic Space
___ is a structure that is a selectively permeable barrier, mechanical boundary of cell, nutrient and waste transport, location of many metabolic processes (respiration, photosynthesis), detection of environmental cues for chemotaxis.
Plasma Membrane
___ are structures for protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
What structures do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common? (4)
- Flagella
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Ribosomes
___ refers to unicellular organisms without a nucleus . They lack organelles and peptidoglycan but have cell walls.
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria live in EXTREME environments: (2)
- hot springs, deep ocean
- where there is no oxygen
How do archaebacteria get energy?
Chemosynthesis
What are some of the biological functions of the cell wall? (4)
- protects the cell against ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, degrading enzymes, or predacious bacteria.
- helps in maintaining the shape and envelope rigidity of the cell.
- promotes cell adhesion to surfaces.
- studies with nanotechnology due to their ability to self-assemble protein units w/o the aid of enzymes.
What are some of the biological functions of the cell wall? (4)
- protects the cell against ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, degrading enzymes, or predacious bacteria.
- helps in maintaining the shape and envelope rigidity of the cell.
- promotes cell adhesion to surfaces.
- studies with nanotechnology due to their ability to self-assemble protein units w/o the aid of enzymes.
What is the future prospect of the cell wall?
The S-layer could be used for technology such as in drug delivery systems and novel detection systems for toxic chemicals.
What are the major types of Archaebacteria cell wall? (5)
- Type 1
- Type 2
- Type 3
- Type 4
- Type 5
Type 1 of Archaebacteria Cell Wall: The most common type of archaeal cell wall is an S-layer composed of either ____ or ____.
Protein; Glycoprotein
How thick is the Type 1 Archaebacteria Cell Wall?
20-40nm
Type 2 of Archaebacteria Cell Wall: Additional layers of material are present outside the S-layer. In Methanosprillum, there is a ____ external to the S-layer.
protein sheath
Type 3 Archaebacteria Cell Wall: In Methanosarcina, S-layer is covered by a chondroitin-like material called ____.
Methanochondroitin
Type 4 Archaebacteria Cell Wall: In some Archae like Methanothermus and Methanopyrus, S-layer is the outermost layer and is separated from the plasma membrane by a peptidoglycan-like molecule called ____.
Psuedomurein
How does Pseudomurein differ from Peptidoglycan? (3)
Pseudomurein has:
1. N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid instead of N-acetyl muramic acid
2. L-amino acids instead of D-amino acids that cross-links
3. Beta (1->3) glycosidic linkage instead of Beta (1->4) glycosidic linkage
Type 4 Archaebacteria Cell Wall: In this type, the S layer is ____. Instead, the archeal cell wall is a ____ resembling ____ bacteria.
absent;
single, thick, homogenous layer;
Gram-positive
___ is a thin layer lining the inner surface of the cell wall. It is a semipermeable membrane controlling the flow of metabolites. Chemically, it consists of lipoproteins and carbohydrates. Here, sterols are absent.
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is best described using the ___ model.
Fluid Mosaic
The cell membrane is composed of ___% phospholipid and ___% protein.
40%; 60%
Members of Bacteria and Archaea have the same general structure of their cytoplasmic membranes, but the ____ are distinctly different.
Lipid Compositions
What are the differences between bacterial and archaeal phospholipids? (2)
- Chirality of Glycerol - the glycerol used to make archaeal phospholipids is a STEREOISOMER of the glycerol used to build bacterial and eukaryotic membranes.
- Linkage (Ester vs. Ether)
- Side Chains (Fatty Acids vs. Isoprenoids)
- Branching of Side Chains - different physical structures; can form carbon rings.
____ is a structure of a prokaryote that is a permeability barrier; regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell; contains proteins that transport nutrients into the cells and eliminates waste materials; and synthesizes cell wall components.
Cell Membrane
Fill in the blanks:
Prokaryotic Cell Membrane Functions
1. It assists with _____
2. It secretes _____
3. It carries on _____
4. It contains bases of _____
- DNA Replication (anchors DNA)
- Proteins
- Cell Respiration (ATP Synthesis)
- Flagella
The cell membrane being _____ allows small molecules like water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrophobic molecules to move freely (simple diffusion). However, large or charged molecules like proteins, sugars, and ions cannot.
Selectively Permeable
____ is a semifluid substance inside the cell membrane. It is 4/5 water and 1/5 dissolved substances (enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, salts, vitamins, and various inorganic ions). It is where chemical reactions take place.
Cytoplasm
____ are vesicular, convoluted invaginations of the plasma membrane. It is prominent in GM+ bacteria. They are the principal sites of respiratory enzymes. They are also analogous to mitochondria in Eukaryotes.
Mesosomes
____ help to increase the surface area of the cell membrane, increasing the enzymatic content of the cell.
Mesosomes
____ is the chromosome region. It is a gel-like region containing the chromosomes and plasmids.
Nucleoid
____ are single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that contain all genetic information required by a cell. They are 1mm long and 10% of a cell’s total volume.
Chromosomes
____ are referred to as accessory genetic information. They are circular, supercoiled, double-stranded DNA molecules. They are 0.1-10% of the size of a chromosome and contains hundreds of genes (5-100).
Plasmids
T or F
Plasmids may contain genes for antibiotic resistance and/or disease production. They can also be transferred and spread to other bacterial cells.
T
___ consist of ribonucleic acids (rRNA) and proteins (ribosomal protein). They are < 20,000. They are nearly spherical, stain densely, and contain large and small subunits.
Ribosomes
____ are the sites for protein synthesis and for antibiotic action.
Ribosomes
T or F
The faster the cell is growing, the faster proteins are produced, the greater the number of ribosomes.
T
____ of cell energy is for protein synthesis.
90%
What are the subunits of PROKARYOTIC ribosomes? (2)
- 50s - 5s RNA & 23s RNA
- 30s - 16s RNA
= 70s
What are the subunits of EUKARYOTIC ribosomes (2)
- 60s - 5s RNA, 5.8s RNA, 28s RNA
- 40s - 18s RNA
= 80s
What are the internal membrane systems? (2)
- Photosynthetic Bacteria and Cyanobacteria
- Nitrifying Bacteria
___ contain the pigments used to capture light energy for synthesis of sugars.
Chromatophores/Chlorosomes
____ convert nitrogen compounds into plant-useable form. They house the enzymes used in deriving energy from oxidation of nitrogen compounds.
Nitrifying Bacteria
___ are a variety of small bodies within the cytoplasm. They store materials that are later used as sources of nutrients. They are a reservoir of structural building blocks. They can be categorized into GRANULES and VESICLES.
Inclusion Bodies
____ are intracellular small storage bodies. They vary in size, number, and content. Bacterial cells can use them when environmental sources deplete.
Granules and Vesicles
____ are accumulations of high molecular weight polymers synthesized from a nutrient in excess. They contain specific substances densely compacted that do not dissolve in the cytoplasm.
Storage Granules
____ is stored glucose polymer used as a carbon and energy source.
Glycogen
____ are stored phosphates.
Volutin Granules or Polyphosphate Granules
____ are small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to the cell.
Gas Vesicles (Vacuoles)
The cell wall has the ability to counter the effects of ____.
Osmotic Pressure