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Bio 111 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

catabolic pathways

A

release energy

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2
Q

What do cells degrade complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy into?

A

simpler waste products that have less energy

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3
Q

fermentation

A

partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen

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4
Q

aerobic respiration

A

the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway, uses oxygen

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5
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

uses no oxygen

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6
Q

cellular respiration

A

includes bothe aerobic and anaerobic processes

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7
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

Organic compounds + oxygen =carbon dioxide + water + energy

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat)

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8
Q

The breakdown of glucose is?

A

exergonic

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9
Q

What do catabolic processes do?

A

make energy(ATP) that is used to perform cellular work

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10
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons from one substance

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11
Q

reduction

A

addition of electrons to another substance

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12
Q

reducing agent

A

electron donor

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13
Q

oxidizing agent

A

electron acceptor

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14
Q

the more electronegative an atom…

A

the more energy is required to take an electron away from it

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15
Q

Why are organic molecules that have an abundance of hydrogen excellent fuels?

A

because their bonds are a source of “hilltop” electrons who energy may be released as these electrons “fall” down an energy gradient when they are transferred to oxygen

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16
Q

Glycolysis

A

occurs in the cytosol; breaks glucose into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules

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17
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; completes the breakdown of glucose

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18
Q

Electron transport chain

A

hydrogens are combined with oxygen and release energy; forms water as a by-product

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19
Q

How are glucose and other organic fuels broken down?

A

in a series of steps, each one catalyzed by an enzyme

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20
Q

What happens in Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis?

A

occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria; releases energy for the production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation (some is made via substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle)

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21
Q

Net energy yield per glucose molecule

A

2 ATP + 2 NADH

22
Q

Products of Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

A

3 NADH, 1FADH2, 1 ATP

23
Q

What are the pyruvates converted into in the Krebs Cycle?

A

acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) and CO2

24
Q

What are electrons stored as in the Krebs Cycle?

A

electrons are stored in NAD+, which makes it NADH

25
Q

I the Kreb’s cycle, what does coenzyme FAD do and what does it turn into?

A

acts as an electron carrier and is changed into FADH2

26
Q

Where do electron carriers move electrons after the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

the electron transport chain

27
Q

What is the composition of the electron transport chain pathway?

A

Collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells (plasma membrane in prokaryotes)

28
Q

What are most components of the elctron transport chain?

A

proteins

29
Q

What happens to electron carriers as they go through the electron transport chain?

A

alternate between reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons; reduced as accept electrons from “uphill” and oxidized as lose them “downhill” to a more electronegative atom

30
Q

What is the last atom accepting electrons and what does it do?

A

oxygen; very electronegative, forms water

31
Q

function of Chemiosmosis

A

Couples the energy released by the electron transport chain to the production of ATP

32
Q

ATP synthase

A

produces ATP from ADP

33
Q

What happens to hydrogens in chemiosmosis? What is the result of this?

A

pumped across the membrane against their concentration gradient; when hydrogen flows back across by diffusion, phosphorylation is powered and ATP is produced

34
Q

What acts like a molecular motor?

A

chemiosmosis?

35
Q

What does the exergonic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 do?

A

pump hydrogen across the membrane, from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space; when hydrogens move back across the membrane by diffusion, they can only move through ATP synthase channels; this drives the phosphorylation of ATP and ATP is produced

36
Q

Chemiosmosis prudces about

A

32-34 ATP

37
Q

Total ATP during aerobic respiration

A

36-38 ATP

38
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

takes place in certain prokaryotic organisms, there is an electron transport chain, but oxygen is not the final electron acceptor

39
Q

fermentation

A

no electron transport chain; an expansion of glycolysis

40
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted into ethanol (ex: yeast, bacteria)

41
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate is reduced to form lactate (lactic acid)

42
Q

what is lactic acid used by?

A

fungi, bacteria, and human muscle cells

43
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

can carry out only fermentation or anaerobic respiration, and cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

44
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or aerobic respiratio

45
Q

What can be used by cellular respiration to make ATP?

A

fats, proteins, sucrose, starch, etc

46
Q

What can glycolysis accept a wide range of for catabolism?

A

carbohydrates

47
Q

What must proteins do before they can be used as fuel?

A

must be broken down

48
Q

fats

A

beta oxidation breaks the fatty acids down to carbon fragments, which enter the citric acid cycle

49
Q

Biosynthesis (anabolic pathways)

A

food provides both energy and the carbon building blocks of the body; some are used directly, some broken down into monomers and then used

50
Q

What does the regulation of cellular respiration use?

A

negative feedback mechanism – feedback inhibition most common

51
Q

What happens if ATP concentration is dropped?

A

more is made

Bio 111 (2 decks)

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