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Bio 111 > Chapter 10: photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 10: photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosynthesis

A

when chloroplasts capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy and store it in sugar and other organic molecules

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2
Q

Autotrophs

A

“self feeders”; sustain by producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment; also called producers

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3
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

use sunlight as a source of energy for the production of organic molecules; plants, algae, some protists, some prokaryotes

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

obtain organic material by consumption; also called consumers

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5
Q

Decomposers

A

use organic litter such as carcasses, feces, and leaf litter for nourishment; animals, many prokaryotes, fungi, etc

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6
Q

Chlorophyll

A

green pigment within chloroplasts

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7
Q

Mesophyll

A

issue in the interior of the leaf; main area where chloroplasts are located

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8
Q

Stomata

A

pores in the leaf through which carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits

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9
Q

Veins

A

deliver water and export sugars

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10
Q

Stroma

A

dense fluid within the chloroplast

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11
Q

Thylakoids

A

interconnected membranous sacs; stacks are called grana

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12
Q

Where is chlorophyll found?

A

within the thylakoid membranes

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13
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 12H20 + Light energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

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14
Q

What happens in the redox reaction in photosynthesis?

A

water is split, electrons are transferred along with hydrogen ions from water to CO2, reducing it to sugar

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15
Q

why does the redox reaction reguire light?

A

electrons increase in potential energy as they move from water to sugar, so the process requires energy input (light)

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16
Q

Light reactions

A

convert solar energy to chemical energy; water is split, providing electrons and hydrogen ions (protons), and give off of O2 as a by-product; light absorbed by chlorophyll drives the transfer of the electrons and hydrogen ions from water to NADP+ (becomes NADPH); also generates ATP through photophosphorylation

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17
Q

Calvin Cycle (dark or light-independent reactions)

A

CO2 from the air is incorporated into organic compounds in the chloroplasts (carbon fixation); fixed carbon is reduced to carbohydrate by the addition of electrons

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18
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use from the light reaction?

A

the ATP

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19
Q

Where does the light reaciton ocur?

A

thylakoid

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20
Q

Where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

stroma

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21
Q

What is light and how does it travel?

A

electromagnetic energy; in rhythmic waves

22
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between the crests of the waves

23
Q

the shorter the light wave,

A

the higher the energy

24
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

entire range of electromagnetic radiation

25
Q

Visible light

A

what you can see; most important to life – drives photosynthesis

26
Q

photons

A

discrete particles of light, each with a fixed quantity of energy; shorter wavelengths yield photons with greater energy

27
Q

Pigments

A

substances that absorb visible light; wavelength that is absorbed disappears

28
Q

if all wavelengths are absorbed,

A

surface appears black

29
Q

the color reflected is

A

NOT absorbed by the pigments

30
Q

Why are leaves green?

A

they reflect back the green wavelengths of light

31
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

what wavelengths of light a pigment can absorb; use a spectrophometer to measure

32
Q

What are the two pigments of chlorophyll?

A

chlorophyll a and b; chlorophyll a participates directly in the light reactions while b is an accessory pigment

33
Q

Carotenoids

A

accessory pigments in leaves; various shades of yellow and orange; absorb more light; more importantly, are photoprotection

34
Q

function of carotenoids

A

absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that would damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen forming oxidative molecules that ware dangerous to the cell

35
Q

What happens when a molecule of proton absorbs a photon of light?

A

one of the molecule’s electrons is elevated to an orbital where it has more potential energy; pigment molecule is excited

36
Q

what happens to the excited pigment molecule?

A

are unstable; electrons release the excess energy and drop back down to their ground (normal) state; release energy as heat and light

37
Q

Photosystem

A

a protein complex called a reaction-center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes; includes a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules

38
Q

Light harvesting complex

A

consists of various pigment molecules bound to proteins; number and variety of pigment molecules enable a photosystem to harvest light over a larger surface and a larger portion of the spectrum

39
Q

CAM plants

A

crassulacean acid metabolism; used in plants that close their stomata during the day; store carbon at night for use during the day

40
Q

C4 plants

A

preface the Calvin cycle with an alternative method of carbon fixation that produces a 4-carbon molecule; used in hot regions with intense sunlight where plants have to partially close there stomata during the day; minimize the use of O2

41
Q

What happens during phase 1 (carbon fixation) of the the calvin cycle?

A

each CO2 is attached to a five-carbon sugar molecule (RuBP) using the enzyme rubisco produces 6-carbon intermediate that splitsin half, forming two 3-carbon molecules

42
Q

What happens during phase 2 (reduction) of the the calvin cycle?

A

each 3-carbon molecule receives and additional phosphate group from ATP, then a pair of electrons from NADPH, transforms into the 3-carbon sugar that exits the cycle

43
Q

What happens during phase 3 (regeneration) of the the calvin cycle?

A

Regenergation of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) – three molecules of ATP are used to regenerate three molecules of RuBP; cycle can begin again

44
Q

photorespiration

A

what we have just discussed; plants that use this are called C3 plants because the first product of carbon fixation is a three-carbon molecule

45
Q

What is used during the Calvin cycle?

A

nine molecules of ATP and six molecules of NADPH

46
Q

In what form does carbon enter and leave the calvin cycle?

A

enters in the form of carbon dioxide and leaves as sugar

47
Q

How many times must the Calvin Cycle be repeated to make one molecule of 3 carbon sugar (RuBP) into glucose?

A

three times

48
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use for energy?

A

ATP

49
Q

What does the Calvin Cycle use as a reducing power? Why?

A

NADPH; adding high-energy electrons to make the sugar

50
Q

Difference between Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

A

oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria uses organic molecules to provide electrons; photophosphorylation in plants uses water

51
Q

Similarities between Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

A

use energy harvested to form an H+ gradient, then use ATP synthase channels to produce ATP as the H+ ions flow through them

Bio 111 (2 decks)

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