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Theory 2 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Fluid volume deficit

Causes

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, GI auctioning, sweating, inadequate fluid intake, massive edema (as in initial stage of major burns), ascites (abdominal swelling)

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2
Q

Fluid volume deficit

Symptoms

A

Weight loss, decreased skin turgor, oliguria (concentrated urine), dry and sticky mucous membranes, postural hypotension or weak, rapid pulse.

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3
Q

Fluid volume deficit

Laboratory findings

A

Elevated BUN ; creatinine, increased serum osmolarity, elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit

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4
Q

Fluid volume deficit

Treatment and nursing care

A

Strict I and O, replacement of fluids isotonically (water is hypotonic)

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5
Q

Fluid volume overload

Causes

A

Heart failure, renal failure, cirrhosis, liver failure, excessive ingestion of table salt, over hydration with sodium-containing fluid, poorly controlled IV therapy.

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6
Q

Fluid volume overload

Symptoms

A

Peripheral edema, increase bounding pulse, elevated BP, distended neck veins and hand veins, dyspnea (moist crackles during auscultation), attention loss, confusion, aphasia, altered level of consciousness

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7
Q

Fluid volume overload

Laboratory findings

A

Decreased BUN, decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit, decreased serum osmolality, decreased urine osmolality and specific gravity.

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8
Q

Fluid volume overload

Treatments and nursing care

A

Diuretics, fluid restriction, strict I&O, sodium-restricted diet, weight daily, serum K+ monitored

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9
Q

Hyponatremia
(Decreased sodium)
Causes

A

diuretics, GI fluid loss, hypotonic tube feeding, D5W or hypotonic IV fluids, diaphoresis

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10
Q

Hyponatremia
(Decrease sodium)
Signs and symptoms

A

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weakness, lethargy, confusion, muscle cramps, twitching, seizures

Na <135 mEq/L

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11
Q

Hyponatremia
(Decreased sodium)
Treatment

A

Restrict fluids, isotonic saline

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12
Q

Hypernatremia
(Increased sodium)
Causes

A

Water deprivation, hypertonic tube feeding, diabetes insipidus, heatstroke, hyperventilation, watery diarrhea, renal failure, cushing syndrome

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13
Q

Hypernatremia is
(Increased sodium)
Signs and symptoms

A

Thirst, hyperpyrexia (Increased fever), sticky mucous membranes, dry mouth, hallucinations, lethargy, irritability, seizures

Na > 145 mEq/mL

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14
Q

Hypernatremia
(Increased sodium)
Treatment

A

Restrict sodium in diet, increase water intake

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15
Q

Hypokalemia
Decreased potassium
Causes

A

Diuretics, diarrhea, vomiting, gastric suctioning, steroid administration, bulimia, Cushing syndrome

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16
Q

Hypokalemia
Decrease potassium
Signs and symptoms

A

Fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, decreased GI motility, dysrhythmias, paresthesia, flat T waves on ECG

K < 3.5 mEq/L

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17
Q

Hypokalemia
Decreased (potassium)
Treatments and nursing care

A

Administer potassium supplements, assess renal status, encourage foods high in potassium

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18
Q

High potassium foods

A

Bananas, oranges, cantaloupes, avocados, spinach, and potatoes

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19
Q

Hyperkalemia
Increased potassium
Causes

A

Oliguria, acidosis, renal failure, Addison disease, multiple blood transfusion

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20
Q

Hyperkalemia
Increased potassium
Signs and symptoms

A

Muscle weakness, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, flaccid paralysis, intestinal colic, Tall T waves on ECG

K > 5.0 mEq/L

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21
Q

Hyperkalemia
Increased potassium
Treatments and nursing care

A

Monitor ECG, admin calcium gluconate to protect heart, IV loop may be prescribed, renal dialysis

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22
Q

Hypocalcemia
Decreased calcium
Causes

A

Renal failure, hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, pancreatitis, alkalosis

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23
Q

Hypocalcemia
Decreased calcium
Signs and symptoms

A

Diarrhea, numbness, tingling of extremities, convulsions, positive trousseau sign, positive sign

Ca < 8.5 mEq/L

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24
Q

Hypocalcemia
Decreased calcium
Treatments and nursing care

A

Admin calcium supplements, admin IV calcium slowly, increase calcium intake

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25
Q

Hypercalcemia
Increased calcium
Causes

A

Hyperparathyroidism, malignant bone disease, prolonged immobilization, excess calcium supplementation

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26
Q

Hypercalcemia
Increased calcium
Signs and symptoms

A

Muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, polyuria, polydipsia, neurosis, dysrhythmias

Ca > 10.5 mEq/L

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27
Q

Hypercalcemia
Increase calcium
Treatments and nursing care

A

Admin calcitonin, renal dialysis

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28
Q

Hypomagnesium
Decreased magnesium
Causes

A

Alcoholism, malabsorption, diabetic ketoacidosis, prolonged gastric suctioning, diuretics.

29
Q

Hypomagnesium
Decreased magnesium
Signs and symptoms

A

Anorexia, distinction, neuromuscular irritability, depression, disorientation

Mg < 1.5 mEq/L

30
Q

Hypomagnesium
Decreased magnesium
Treatments and nursing care

A

Administer MgSO4, encourage foods high in magnesium

31
Q

Foods high in magnesium

A

Meats, nuts, legumes, fish, and vegetables

32
Q

Hypermagnesium
Increased magnesium
Causes

A

Renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, excess replacement

33
Q

Hypermagnesium
Increased magnesium
Signs and symptoms

A

Flushing, hypotension, drowsiness, lethargy, hypoactive reflexes, depressed respirations, bradycardia.

Mg > 2.5 mEq/L

34
Q

Hypermagnesium
Increased magnesium
Treatments and nursing care

A

Restrict intake of magnesium

35
Q

Hypophosphatemia
Decreased phosphorus
Causes

A

Refereeing after starvation, alcohol withdraw, diabetic ketoacidosis, respiratory alkalosis

36
Q

Hypophosphatemia
Decreased phosphorus
Signs and symptoms

A

Paresthesias, muscle weakness, muscle pain, mental changes, cardiomyopathy, respiratory failure

pH <2.0 mEq/L

37
Q

Hypophosphatemia
Decreased phosphate
Treatments and nursing care

A

Admin vitmian D

38
Q

Hyperphosphatemia
Increased phosphorus
Causes

A

Renal failure, excessive intake

39
Q

Hyperphosphatemia
Increased phosphorus
Signs and symptoms

A

pH > 4.5 mEq/L

40
Q

Isotonic

A

Osmolality close to extra cellular fluid, do not cause red blood cells to swell or shrink, indicated for intravascular dehydration

Treats: dehydration caused by running, labor, fever

41
Q

Isotonic solutions

A

Normal saline (0.9% NS), lactated ringer’s solution (LR), 5% dextrose in Water (D5W)

42
Q

Hypotonic

A

Osmolality lower than extracellular fluid, causes fluid to move extracellularly to intracellularly, used in hypernatremia, or hyperglycemia.

43
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

0.5% normal saline (HNS or 0.45% NS), 2.5% dextrose in 0.45% saline (D25 45% NS)

44
Q

Hypertonic

A

Osmolality higher than extracellular fluid

45
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

5% dextrose in lactated ringer’s (D5LR), 5% dextrose in 0.45% saline, 5% dextrose in 0.9% saline (D5NS), 10% dextrose in water (D10W)

46
Q

Phlebitis

A

Vein inflammation

47
Q

Infiltration

A

Solution leaks into the tissue surrounding the IV.

48
Q

Chvostek

A

Contraction of facial muscles in response to a light tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear

49
Q

Trousseau

A

A carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff above the systolic pressure for a few minutes

50
Q

Chloride levels

A

96 - 106 mEq/L

51
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Increased sodium

52
Q

Potassium

A

Effects cardiac

53
Q

Lasix

A

Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride, Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium

54
Q

spironolactone

A

Causes loss of sodium bicarbonate and calcium while saving potassium and hydrogen ion

55
Q

Decrease hydrogen

A

Alkalosis

56
Q

Increase hydrogen

A

Acidosis

57
Q

Hypoventilation

A

Respiratory acidosis, hypoxia, rapid/shallow respirations, decrease blood pressure with vasodilation, dyspnea, headache, dysrhythmias because of increased potassium, drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation, muscle weakness

58
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Metabolic acidosis, headache, decreased BP, warm flushed skin, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, changes in LOC, kussmal respirations

59
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Seizures, deep/rapid breathing, hyperventilation, tachycardia, decreased or normal BP, numbness and tingling in extremities, lethargy, confusion, light headedness, nausea vomiting

60
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

Restlessness followed by lethargy, dysrhythmias, compensatory hypoventilation, confusion, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, muscle cramps

61
Q

ROME

A

Respiratory - opposite

Metabolic - equal

62
Q

Normal pH

A

7.35 - 7.45

63
Q

Lower pH

A

Acidotic

64
Q

Higher pH

A

Alkalosis

65
Q

PaCO2

A

35 to 45

66
Q

Normal HCO3

A

22 to 28

67
Q

Fully compensated

A

pH is normal

68
Q

Uncompensated

A

CO2 or HCO3 normal

69
Q

Partially compensated

A

Nothing is normal

Theory 2 (4 decks)

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