module 3/6 Flashcards
Define ‘Hydrocarbon’
molecule made only from C and H
Define ‘Saturated’
contains no C=C, single bonds only
Define ‘Unsaturated’
contains at least one C=C
Define ‘Aliphatic’
organic molecules / portion of an organic molecule that does not contain a benzene ring (just C bonded to C).
Define ‘Alicyclic’
an Aliphatic molecule that forms a ring that is not a benzene ring
Define ‘Aromatic/Arene’
contains a benzene ring
Define ‘Homologous series’
same functional group successive members differ by CH2
Define ‘Functional Group’
group of atoms in a molecule
that gives it the same characteristic reactivity
Define ‘Sigma Bond’
covalent bond / shared pair of electrons in direct overlap of orbitals
Define ‘Pi bond’
covalent bond / shared pair of electrons in sideways overlap of p-orbitals
Define ‘ Homolytic fission’
a covalent bond breaks each atom gets one electron forming radicals (seen only in radical substitution)
Define ‘Hetreolytic fission’
a covalent bond breaks one atoms gets both electrons (seen in electrophilic and nucleophilic mechanisms)
Define ‘Radical’
species with an unpaired electron
Define ‘Electrophile’
electron pair acceptor
Define ‘Nucleophile’
electron pair donor
Define ‘Curly arrow’
shows the movement of pairs of electrons
Define ‘Monomer’
small molecule that combines with others to form a polymer
Define ‘Addition Polymerisation’
when alkene monomers join together in repeated addition reactions
Define ‘Condensation Polymerisation’
when monomers join together and a small molecule (H2O/HCl) is made
Define ‘condensation reaction’
when two organic molecules join together and a small molecule (H2O/HCl) is made
Define ‘Hydrolysis’
water is used to break down a molecule
Define ‘Structural formula’
same molecular formula different structural formula
Define ‘Steroisomer’
same structural formula different arrangement in space
Define ‘E/Z isomerism’
due to lack of rotation about C=C where each C in the C=C has two different groups
Define ‘Optical Isomer’
non-superimposable mirror images
Define ‘Chiral Carbon’
has four different groups attached
Define ‘Chromatography’
separates mixtures of organic compounds due to differences in solubility
Define ‘Adsorption’
when moving particles adhere to the surface of the stationary phase in chromatography
Define ‘Desorption’
when particles leave the surface of the stationary phase
