MODULE 3 Flashcards
The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Temporality
From the exposure to outcome. Essential to establish a casual relation E -> O
The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Strength of Association
The stronger an association, the more likely to be causal in absence of known biases (selection, information, and confounding) e.g RR RD P Values CI
The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Consistency of Association
Replication of the findings by different investigators, at different times, in different places, with different methods
The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Biological plausibility
If the association makes sense biologically
The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Biological gradient (dose-response)
Increasing change in disease rates in conjunction with corresponding changes in exposure
The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Specificity of Association
A cause leads to a single effect. However, a single cause often leads to multiple effects
In a causal pie, explain a Sufficient cause
a factor that will inevitably produce the specific die-ease
In a causal pie, explain a Component cause
a factor that contributes towards dis-ease causation, but is not sufficient to cause dis-ease on it’s own
In a causal pie, explain a Necessary cause
a factor (or component) that must be present if a specific disease is to occur
What are the factors that determine prioritisation
TOGSS Treatment options Opportunity cost Group affect Size Severity
In regards to priroritisation explain the factor: Treatment options
Are they available, cost effective, do we understand cause, is treatment efficacious
In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Treatment options
Are they available, cost effective, do we understand cause, is treatment efficacious
In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Opportunity cost
Compared to number 2 on the priority list, is it more worth it? How much more will you be spending?
In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Group affects
How large/significant is the group (age, gender)
In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Size
How common is the disease?
In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Severity
How sever is the illness? -Duration
- impact on QoL
- Morbidity
- Implications on prevalence/incidence
- Infectivity
- DALYS
- Relapse
- Time till death
Why do we prioritise?
HOEC Health resources are limited Opportunity cost Evidence may not be sufficient Competing interests
How does epidemiology play an important role in prevention of dis-eases?
Unravel causal pathways
Direct action
Evaluate
Explain the Primordial level of prevention
Preventing disease from occurring by reducing their chance of exposure to the risk
Explain the Primary level of prevention
Preventing the disease from occurring by reducing risk factors they are already exposed to
Explain the Secondary level of prevention
Preventing the disease from getting worse
Explain the Tertiary level of prevention
Preventing very serious complications (They’re going to die anyway so focus on promoting QoL)
Explain High-risk strategies
Aimed at high-risk populations (clinician - patient)
Explain the benefits of High risk strategies
- high benefit
- individually appropriate
- personal motivation
