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POPHLTH111 > MODULE 3 > Flashcards

MODULE 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Temporality

A

From the exposure to outcome. Essential to establish a casual relation E -> O

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2
Q

The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Strength of Association

A

The stronger an association, the more likely to be causal in absence of known biases (selection, information, and confounding) e.g RR RD P Values CI

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3
Q

The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Consistency of Association

A

Replication of the findings by different investigators, at different times, in different places, with different methods

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4
Q

The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Biological plausibility

A

If the association makes sense biologically

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5
Q

The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Biological gradient (dose-response)

A

Increasing change in disease rates in conjunction with corresponding changes in exposure

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6
Q

The Bradford Hill criteria is a framework used to describe causality. Explain Specificity of Association

A

A cause leads to a single effect. However, a single cause often leads to multiple effects

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7
Q

In a causal pie, explain a Sufficient cause

A

a factor that will inevitably produce the specific die-ease

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8
Q

In a causal pie, explain a Component cause

A

a factor that contributes towards dis-ease causation, but is not sufficient to cause dis-ease on it’s own

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9
Q

In a causal pie, explain a Necessary cause

A

a factor (or component) that must be present if a specific disease is to occur

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10
Q

What are the factors that determine prioritisation

A 
TOGSS
Treatment options
Opportunity cost
Group affect
Size
Severity
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11
Q

In regards to priroritisation explain the factor: Treatment options

A

Are they available, cost effective, do we understand cause, is treatment efficacious

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12
Q

In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Treatment options

A

Are they available, cost effective, do we understand cause, is treatment efficacious

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13
Q

In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Opportunity cost

A

Compared to number 2 on the priority list, is it more worth it? How much more will you be spending?

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14
Q

In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Group affects

A

How large/significant is the group (age, gender)

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15
Q

In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Size

A

How common is the disease?

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16
Q

In regards to prioritisation explain the factor: Severity

A

How sever is the illness? -Duration

  • impact on QoL
  • Morbidity
  • Implications on prevalence/incidence
  • Infectivity
  • DALYS
  • Relapse
  • Time till death
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17
Q

Why do we prioritise?

A 
HOEC
Health resources are limited
Opportunity cost
Evidence may not be sufficient
Competing interests
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18
Q

How does epidemiology play an important role in prevention of dis-eases?

A

Unravel causal pathways
Direct action
Evaluate

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19
Q

Explain the Primordial level of prevention

A

Preventing disease from occurring by reducing their chance of exposure to the risk

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20
Q

Explain the Primary level of prevention

A

Preventing the disease from occurring by reducing risk factors they are already exposed to

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21
Q

Explain the Secondary level of prevention

A

Preventing the disease from getting worse

22
Q

Explain the Tertiary level of prevention

A

Preventing very serious complications (They’re going to die anyway so focus on promoting QoL)

23
Q

Explain High-risk strategies

A

Aimed at high-risk populations (clinician - patient)

24
Q

Explain the benefits of High risk strategies

A
  • high benefit
  • individually appropriate
  • personal motivation
25
Q

Explain the disadvantages of high risk strategies

A
  • Need to identify high risk individual
  • Behaviorally inappropriate ( is it socially or ethically approp?)
  • Small, temporary affect
26
Q

Explain Population strategy

A

Looking at populations as a whole

27
Q

Explain the benefits of Population strategies

A
  • Overall benefit
  • Behaviorally appropriate
  • Don’t need to identify high risk groups
  • Focus on underlying causes/wider determinants
28
Q

Explain the disadvantages of Population strategies

A
  • Individual inappropriate
  • Low personal motivation (Clinician - patient POV)
  • High consequence of potential failure
  • Low individual benefit
29
Q

Explain Promotion

A 
DAW
Determinants
Autonomy
Whole population
Focus on health and wellbeing
Advocate healthy lifestyle
Empower people
30
Q

Name the two frameworks used in Health promotion

A
  • Alma Ata

- Ottowa charter

31
Q

What is the Alma Ata framework

A 
Are the pre requisites of good health
SIPEEFS
Shelter
Income and economic support
Peace + Safety
Education
stable Ecosystem + sustainable resources
Social justice
Food
32
Q

What does the Ottawa Charter focus on?

A 
DSCBR
Develop personal skills
Strengthen community action
Create appropriate environments
Build healthy public health policies
Re orientate Health services towards primary
33
Q

Explain protection

A 
MOAR
Monitoring population
Occupation hazards + risks
Assesing
Communicating what the risks are
34
Q

What are the factors significant to Maori Health

A 
A-DRIM
it effects All New Zealanders
exposed to more negative Determinants of Health
they have a Right to health
Inequalities/inequities exist
Mainstream promotion does not work
35
Q

Problems with conventional health promotion in regards to Maori Health

A

Based on western models, universal formula and doesn’t consider the differing values and beliefs of Maori people

36
Q

What is the Maori model of health promotion

A

Te Pae Mahutonga

37
Q

What are the 4 tasks of Te Pae Mahutonga

A

Mauriora
Waiora
Toiroa
Te Oronga

38
Q

What does Mauriora focus on

A

Cultural identity

39
Q

What does Waiora focus on

A

Environmental protection

40
Q

Toiora

A

Healthy lifestyle

41
Q

Te Oronga

A

Participation in society

42
Q

What are the two prerequisites of Te Pae Mahutonga

A

Nga Manukura

Te Mana Whakahaere

43
Q

What is Nga Manukura

A

Health professional and community leadership

44
Q

What is Te Mana Whakahaere

A

Autonomy

45
Q

Why primary screening?

A

to prevent risk factors

46
Q

Why secondary screening

A

to prevent complications once disease is already present

47
Q

What is High risk screening

A

Works with specific high risk groups

48
Q

What is population screening

A

A more broad approach

49
Q

How to determine which diseases to screen for?

A

Suitable disease
Suitable test
Suitable programme
Suitable treatment

50
Q

How to determine whether it is a suitable disease to screen for

A

If it is beneficial to catch early on
Is it treatable
Is there a significant lead time
Relatively common

51
Q

How to determine whether it is a suitable test when screening

A

Acceptable?
Affordable?
Accurate/reliable? (sensitivity/specificity)

52
Q

How to determine whether it is the suitable screening programme

A

Benefits must outweigh harm

RCT evidence that screening will result in reduced mortality/morbidity and increase survival

POPHLTH111 (2 decks)

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