Module 3 - 5 Flashcards
- Man was created by God out of dust
- 6th day of creation
- Adam and Eve
Biblical theory (Genesis 2: 1-24)
- Man originated from bamboo
- Malakas at Maganda
Myths and Legends
- Charles Darwin
- Origin of the Species
- Environment factors certain organisms and those organisms can survive can pass on their traits (“survival of the fittest”)
Natural Selection
Some individuals are better adapted to their environment than others
Variation
Organisms produce progeny with different set of traits that can be inherited
Heritability
Organisms that have traits most suitable to their environment survives and pass it off to their off-springs
Differential reproductive process
What are the 2 environmental factors that initiated the evolution of man?
Continental drift, Climate change
Biological factors that initiated the evolution of man
- Development and enlargement of the human brain
- Development and enlargement of vocal tract
- Improvement of the gripping capacity
First to exhibit bipedalism, or walking on two feet
Australopithicus Sp.
Lived 3.9-3.0 million years ago, first discovered in 1974 by Carl
Johansson in Ethiopia, nicknamed “Lucy”
Australopithecus afarensis
Lived 3.3-2.1 million years ago, first discovered in 1924 by Raymond Dart in South Africa, nicknamed “Taung”
Australopithecus africanus
First known toolmaker
Homo Habilis
First discovered by Louis and Mary Leakey in 1960 in present-day Tanzania
Homo Habilis
First discovered in Java, Indonesia in 1891 by Eugene Dubois
Homo erectus
First known user and maker of fire
Homo erectus
First known hominid to travel outside Africa
Homo erectus
First discovered in 1856 in Neander Valley, Germany, by Johann Carl Fulhrott
Homo Neanderthalensis
First known creator of clothes and ornaments
Homo Neanderthalensis
First known practitioner of burials
Homo Neanderthalensis
The modern-day humans, first taxonomically described by Carolus Linnaeus
Homo sapiens
Claimed to be the “missing link” between apes and humans by Charles Dawson in 1912
Piltdown man
Modern chemical tests conducted in 1949 concluded that it was a fake hominid, composed of parts from a human and an ape combined together
Piltdown man
Races:
European region
Caucasoid
Races:
South Asian region
Australoid
Races:
Northeast Asian region
Mongoloid
Races:
African region
Negroid
Filipinos came from the three consecutive waves of
migration of races
The wave migration theory
Filipinos descended from Austronesians (product of
intermarriage between Australoids and Mongoloids), who first interacted within the present-day ASEAN region and spread throughout the region through maritime travel
The austronesian theory
Dated 709,000 years ago from Kalinga, Rizal
Rhinoceros and Stone tools
Discovered at Callao Cave, Cagayan in 2007 by a team of archaeologists from the University of the Philippines Diliman Archaeological Studies Program (ASP) led by Professor Arman Mijares and said to be 60,000-70,000 years old
Callao man
Discovered at Tabon Cave, Palawan in 1962 by Professor Robert Fox of the National Museum of the Philippines (NM) and the University of the Philippines (UP) and said to be 30,000 years old.
Tabon Man
Tools were small and handy for mobile lifestyle
Paleolithic period
Subsistence of paleolithic period
foraging
Social division in paleolithic period
communal lifestyle
Wider and bigger tools due to sedentary lifestyle
neolithic period
Personal property in neolithic period
houses
Subsistence of neolithic period
Agriculture
Social division in neolithic period
Elite vs working class
Where did metal age emerge?
Southwest asia
People discovered metals and metallurgy
Metal age
Development of writing systems, pyramids, and ziggurats
Metal age
Periods of socio-cultural development
- Foraging/Hunting and Gathering Stage
- Pastoral Stage and Horticultural Stage
- Agricultural Stage
- Industrial Stage
- Post-Industrial Stage
Nomadic living: People settle in a place for food and transfer to another once the resources are depleted
Foraging
People started to settle for good in a particular location
Pastoralism and Horticulture
Learned to domesticate animals and plant in their yards for personal consumption
Pastoralism and Horticulture
People learned to plant crops and tend livestock for business and trade
Agriculture
Start of social stratification due to rise of individual/private property
Agriculture
Rise of civilizations, ancient empires, manors and kingdoms
Agriculture
Social relations: slavemaster or serf-lord
Agriculture
Replacement of manual labor by mechanized production, powered by steam, oil, and nuclear power
Industrial stage
Dominant social relations: bourgeoise (rich) – proletariat (poor)
Industrial stage
Rise of nation-states and empires
Industrial stage
- Called “third wave” and “fourth wave” of industrialization
- From mechanization to digitization
- Dominance and prevalence of information technology
- Rise of internet and social media
- “borderless” countries due to globalization
Post-industrial stage
Lifelong social experience where one learns his potentials and his culture
Socialization
Process by which people acquire personality through interaction
Socialization
Goals of socialization
Teach conscience, roles, and values
Forms of socialization
Enculturation and Acculturation
Adapting to the surrounding culture
Enculturation
Adapting to another culture
Acculturation
Diffusion of one’s culture or another
Enculturation
Results of socialization
Self identity, Status & Roles, Norms and Values
Model of consciousness: The I and Me:______________
The Looking Glass Self Concept:__________
George Herbert Mead, Charles Horton Cooley
Looking at ourselves as how others react to us
The Looking Glass Self Concept
Position with according roles that an individual can occupy in society
Status
2 Types of status
Ascribed and achieved
Given at birth or assigned later in life
Ascribed status
Wilfully acquired through effort
Achieved status
Set of expectations from people who occupy a particular status
Role
Behavior of an individual in a social space in accordance to his status
Role performance
Multiplicity of roles
Role set
Two or more statuses require distinct roles
Role conflict
Difficulty in performing his role
Role strain
Discontinuation of a role to focus on a role set
Role exit
Culturally pre-determined rules that guide people what is right, wrong, proper, or improper
Norms
Criteria for judging the rightness or wrongness of an act
Values
Socially approved behaviors without moral basis
Folkways
Norms related to moral conventions
Mores
Behaviors that are absolutely forbidden
Taboos
Rules and regulations implemented by the state
Laws
Act of following the roles and goals of society
Conformity
Conformity is met with _______
rewards and acceptance
Act of violating against the norms
Deviance
Disapproval to nonconforming members of society
Stigma
Deviance is caused by lack in stronger social bonds
Social control theory
Deviance is based on cost and benefit
Rational choice theory
Deviance is learned through association
Differential association theory
Deviance is caused by classification
Labeling theory
Deviance is due to imbalance of society’s goals and the individual’s means to achieve them
Strain theory
Deviance is caused by inequality conflicts
Conflict theory
Deviance is caused by breakdown of social norms
Structuralist-Functionalist theory
Means to prevent deviance to rewards and punishment
Social control
Elements to promote social control:
____________: made to conform through cost-benefit orientation
____________: rewards or punishment given upon conformity/deviance in an action
Internalization, Sanctions
Rewards/punishment awarded by an institution
Formal
Rewards/punishment given by a group
Informal
Rewards
Positive
Punishments
Negative
______ is a unit of people who interact with some regularity and identify themselves as a unit.
Group
Collection of people interacting together in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about
one another’s behavior.
Group
Social structure consisting of people who have varying degrees of relations and
interrelationships.
Social network
- Small but intimate.
- Members have direct access and interaction.
- Emotional bonds are formed
Primary group
- Formed to perform a specific purpose.
- Members interact with each other to accomplish the goals of the group.
- Formal and impersonal.
Secondary group
Group that an individual is not a part of.
Out-group
- Social group in which an individual directly affiliates and expresses loyalty to.
- Application of stereotypes: + for members and – for non-members.
In-group
Competition with members of the out-group.
In-group
Characteristics (Shandra,2007): Use of titles, external symbols and dress
In-group
Group that such an individual considers as ideal
Reference group
Tendency of individuals to depend on other’s initiative to perform tasks that are
originally expected of them.
Social Loafing or Free-Riding
United acceptance and practice of idea that is believed as group loyalty
groupthink
According to the bureaucratic theory of Max Weber, bureaucracy is the basis for the systematic formation of any organization and is designed to ensure efficiency and
economic effectiveness. It is an ideal model for management and its administration to bring an organization’s power structure into focus.
BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL
Proponent of BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL
MAX WEBER
Proponent of collectivist organization model
Karl Marx
Shifting from class-based to classless society
collectivist organization model
Demise of bureaucratic organizations
collectivist organization model
In rural societies
Gemeinschaft
Personal and face-to-face interactions
Gemeinschaft
Based on traditional rules
Gemeinschaft
In urban societies and bureaucracies
Gesselschaft
Impersonal and indirect.
Gesselschaft
Dominance of rationality and self interest.
Gesselschaft
Proponent of Gemeinschaft and Gesselschaft
Ferdinand Tönnies
