Module 1 and 2 Flashcards
Explain and predicts phenomena related to foundation, establishment, and growth of human society
Social Science
Concerned with those basic elements of culture that
determine the general patterns of human behavior (Hunt and Colander, 2011)
Social Science
Science seeking to uncover principles of behavior that
apply to all human communities
Anthropology
Study of human beings and their ancestors
Anthropology
Greek: antropos:______ , logos:________
human, study
TRUE OR FALSE: Antrophology looks for a “culture universal” instead of “universtal culture
TRUE
What are the branches of anthropology?
Physical anthropology and Cultural anthropology (archeology, antropological linguistics, ethnology)
Also knowns as biological anthropology
Physical anthropology
Humans emerged and evolved through time
Physical anthropology
Human beings differ biologically
Physical anthropology
Concerned with the differences in culture from time to time
Cultural anthropology
Study of past cultures through material remains
Archaeology
Study of the difference of languages among cultures and how it is constructed
Anthropological Linguistics
Study of present cultures
Ethnology
Study of governments, public policies and political processes, systems, and political behavior.
Political Science
Application of political ideas and concepts for answering political phenomena.
Political theory
Study of context of different political and government systems
Comparative Politics
Study of political interactions between state and non-state actors
International Relations
Study of various administrative schemes implemented by the government
Public Administration
Scientific study of society and the behavior of people in the society
Sociology
Study of relationships among people
Sociology
Method of Study: “The Sociological Imagination” is conceptualized by whom?
C. Wright Mills (1959)
Imagining the intersections of their life situations (biography)and the events in the society (history) as
interconnected and influences each other
Method of Study: “The Sociological Imagination”
Converting personal issues into public issues
Method of Study: “The Sociological Imagination”
What are the three theoretical perspectives in sociology?
Structural-functionalism, critical-historical (conflict theory), symbolic interaction
Society as a system with parts and functions
Structural-functionalism
Health of the system is defined by the parts performing their assigned tasks and working in coordination with other parts of the system
Structural-functionalism
Functions are manifest (obvious) or latent (hidden)
Structural-functionalism
Society as full of tensions and struggles between groups
and individuals.
Conflict theory
Society is constructed in favor of the powerful/wealthy over the powerless/poor.
Conflict theory
Society as composed of social interactions
Symbolic-interaction
Social interactions are governed by shared and co-created meanings made by the social actors in every interaction
Symbolic-interaction
Shared meanings are lodged on objects, events, and persons and are seen as symbols, the interpretation of which shape and influence the emerging interactions
Symbolic-interaction
Group of people sharing a common identity, culture, territory, and language who act together for collective survival and well-being
Society
Organization that caters to a human’s need for belongingness in a group
Society
Proponents of Structural-functionalism
Durkheim/Weber
Proponent of conflict theory
Karl Marx
Proponent of symbolic-interaction
Cooley/Mead
Complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, attitudes, norms, knowledge and everything that a person learns and
shares as a member of society
Culture
An organized body of conventional understandings manifest in art which persisting through tradition, characterizes a human group
Culture
Everything that a person learns as a member of the society
Culture
2 Components of Culture
Tangible/Material and Non-tangible/Immaterial
Beliefs, values, norms, traditional skills and technologies
Non-tangible
Provides physical space for culture
Tangible
5 Characteristics of culture
- Social
- Varies in each society
- Shared
- Learned and transmitted
- Continuous and cumulative
- Product of behavior and of the society
- Develops through social interaction
- The experiences of other people are impressed on a
person as he or she grows up
Culture is social
Culture of each society is unique to itself due to the fact that it is a human product
Culture varies from society to
society
- Various members of a society commonly share ideas,
activities and artifacts, making it socially and
conventionally standardized - Shared culture provides order and meaning in
interpreting behavioral patters of individuals in a
society. - Transmission is not automatic but largely depends on
the willingness of people to give and receive it.
Culture is shared.
TRUE or FALSE: Culture is learned biologically instead of socially
FALSE
- Learned socially rather than biologically
- Handed to generations through the process of socialization and/or enculturation
- Is bestowed in a cumulative fashion
Culture is learned and transmitted
Culture exists as a continuous process, responsive to
the changing conditions of the physical world
Culture is continuous and
cumulative.
4 Functions of culture
- Defines situations
- Defines attitudes, values, and goals
- Defines behavioral patterns
- Defines myths, legends, and supernatural
Each culture has many subtle cues which define each situation
Culture defines situations.
Attitudes, values, and goals are defined by the culture and the individual normally learns them as unconsciously as he or she learns the language
Culture defines attitudes, values,
and goals.
By approving certain goals and ridiculing others, the culture channels individual ambitions
Culture defines attitudes, values,
and goals.
Culture provides the individual with a ready-made view of the universe
Culture defines myths, legends,
and the supernatural
Culture imposes limits on humans and their activities
Culture provides behavioral
patterns
Need for order calls forth the need for culture to establish behavioral patterns so that disorderly behavior
can be avoided
Culture provides behavioral
patterns.
Practice of comparing other cultural practices with those of one’s own and automatically finding those other cultural practices to be inferior
Ethnocentrism
Who conceived ethnocentrism?
William Graham Sumner
Functions of ethnocentrism
- Encourages group solidarity
- Hinders the understanding or cooperation
between groups
Preference for the foreign
Xenocentrism
Strong belief that one’s own products, styles, or ideas are inferior to those which originated elsewhere
Xenocentrism
Fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange
Xenophobia
Can be seen in the relations and perceptions of an in-
group towards an out-group
Xenophobia
Idea that all norms, beliefs and values are dependent
of their cultural context.
Cultural Relativism
